446 Perrette et al: Optimizing Reduction Pruning of Trees Under Electrical Lines Figure 8. Illustration of the maintenance pruning schedule under the electricity distribution network over 2 pruning cycles, when trees reach the mature phase. The blue and green arrows represent winter and summer pruning, respectively. (a) Pruning cycles of 5 years without alternating pruning seasons between trees. (b) Alternating pruning seasons between cycles. phase, should be undertaken during the leaf-on sea- son as long as the number of trees to prune allow it. However, when the number of trees is beyond the capacity for response during the leaf-on season, tree maintenance pruning operations will span over the year. In that case, the return interval of maintenance trees could be optimized by alternating the pruning season (Figure 8). In fact, trees pruned in the summer could be pruned at the next cycle during winter, and so on. Accordingly, because the return interval can be increased by half a growing season or half a year fol- lowing a summer pruning, at least half a year could be saved over 2 maintenance pruning cycles. For a 5-year maintenance return interval, the savings could correspond to at least 5% per year. All the more, prun- ing in late summer before leaf fall can also slightly affect the occurrence and development of epicormic branches in contact with the corridor of the power line compared with summer pruning and could be used to increase the return interval further. It should be noted that pruning during leaf flush could also decrease the epicormic branch response when com- pared with summer pruning; however, this period should be avoided, especially in urban areas, owing to bird nesting. Further economic analyses are suggested to validate this entire pruning season model. LITERATURE CITED ANSI (American National Standards Institute). 2008. ANSI A300 pruning standard part 1—tree, shrub, and other woody plant management—standard practices (pruning). New York (NY, USA): ANSI. 13 p. ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture Babeux P, Mauffette Y. 1994. The effects of early and late spring cuts on the sprouting success of red maple (Acer rubrum) in northwestern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 24:785-791. Barbaroux C, Bréda N. 2002. Contrasting distribution and seasonal dynamics of carbohydrate reserves in stem wood of adult ring-porous sessile oak and diffuse-porous beech trees. Tree Physiology. 22:1201-1210. Barthelemy D, Caraglio Y. 2007. Plant architecture: a dynamic, multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and ontogeny. Annals of Botany. 99:375-407. Bégin C, Filion L. 1999. Black spruce (Picea mariana) architecture. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 77:664-672. Boddy L, Rayner ADM. 1983. Origins of decay in living decidu- ous trees: the role of moisture content and re-appraisal of the expanded concept of tree decay. New Phytologist. 94:623-641. Bolund P, Hunhammar S. 1999. Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics. 29:293-301. Browning DM, Wiant HV. 1997. The economic impacts of defer- ring electric utility tree maintenance. Journal of Arboriculture. 23:106-112. Chou CKS, MacKenzie M. 1988. Effect of pruning intensity and season on Diplodia pinea infection of Pinus radiata stem through pruning wounds. European Journal of Forest Pathology. 18:437-444. Colin F, Mechergui R, Dhôte JF, Fontaine F. 2010. Epicormic ontogeny on Quercus petraea trunks and thinning effects quantified with the epicormic composition. Annals of Forest Science. 67:1-9. Collier RL, Turnblom EC. 2001. Epicormic branching on pruned coastal Douglas fir. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 16:80-86. Dănescu A, Ehring A, Bauhus J, Albrecht A, Hein S. 2015. Modelling discoloration and duration of branch occlusion following green pruning in Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus excelsior. Forest Ecology and Management. 335:87-98.
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