Table of Contents Christopher A. Nowak and Benjamin D. Ballard A FRAMEWORK FOR APPLYING INTEGRATED VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ON RIGHTS-OF-WAY ............................................................ 28 Abstract. Integrated Vegetation Management, or IVM, is purportedly being used by many right-of-way management organizations across the United States. In many cases, IVM is just a name applied to old management approaches. Yet IVM is more than just a name. It is an in-depth and sophisticated system of information gathering, planning, implementing, reviewing, and improving vegetation management treatments. IVM is used to understand, justify, choose among, selectively apply, and monitor different types of treatments, with an overall goal of eliciting sitespecific, ecosystem-sensitive, economically sensible, and socially responsible treatment effects that lead to refined achievement of management objectives. We propose a six-step system to IVM that can act as a framework of activities to aid managers and other related stakeholders in communicating, organizing, and conducting IVM business. Each step produces information that must be integrated into the management system. Our six-step sys- tem is consistent with Integrated Pest Management and other IVM-like systems developed in forestry and agriculture. We present an IVM system with some unique perspectives and ideas from the literature, and incorporate information from and experience with the electric utility industry. Key Words. Right-of-Way; Vegetation Management; Management Systems; Powerline Corridors; Electric Transmission Lines; Pipelines; High- way; Railroad. Christopher J. Fettig, Jeffrey G. Fidgen, and Scott M. Salom A REVIEW OF SAMPLING PROCEDURES AVAILABLE FOR IPM DECISION-MAKING OF FOREST AND SHADE TREE INSECTS IN NORTH AMERICA ..................................... 38 Absrtact: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs attempt to reduce insect associated losses to acceptable levels using multiple tech- niques that are effective, economically viable, and ecologically compatible. Sampling is the cornerstone of any IPM program, and significant effort has been devoted to the development, theory, and application of sampling methods. Relatively few IPM programs exist for managing forest and shade tree pests despite the availability of sampling procedures that are potentially useful for control decision-making. The major- ity of these sampling procedures are published on defoliating insects (58% of all publications). The most commonly referenced defoliators are the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.); Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough); spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens); and western spruce budworm, C. occidentalis Freeman. These four species alone account for 35% of all sampling pub- lications relevant to IPM programs. The second largest group is bud, shoot, and root insects (16%) followed closely by wood- and bark-bor- ing insects (11%). The piercing–sucking feeding group (10%) and seed and cone insects (5%) have relatively few sampling procedures avail- able. Ninety-two percent of the species represented are predominately forest pests, with the order Lepidoptera and family Tortricidae most commonly reported. A significant opport nity exists for developing similar tools to aid in control decision-making for a large number of other pests. Current trends suggest that efforts should concentrate on species important to the urban forest and intensively managed forest plantations. Key Words. Sampling Techniques; Sampling Programs; Sequential Sampling; Action Thresholds; Forest Insects; Shade Tree insects; Urban Forestry. Edward F. Gilman and Gary W. Knox PRUNING TYPE AFFECTS DECAY AND STRUCTURE OF CRAPEMYRTLE ............................................................... 48 Abstract. Lagerstroemia × ‘Natchez’ trees were topped, pollarded, or not pruned for 4 consecutive years. The first time trees were pruned in 1998, pollarding required more time than topping. However, the time required to top trees increased in each subsequent year; pollarding time remained the same for each year. Longitudinal sections through stems showed that barrier zones and decay extended farther behind head- ing cuts on topped trees 5 yearsaſter the initial pruning than with the cuts on pollarded trees. Trees in the topping treatment formed a vis- ible, dark-colored barrier zone along the cambium present at the time of wounding, averaging 74 cm (2.5 ſt) in length, originating from the heading cuts made through 4- to 5-year-old wood. Barrier zone length on pollarded trees was only 1.8 cm (0.7 in) behind the original head- ing cuts through 2- to 3-year-old wood. Topping trees resulted in a sixfold increase in the volume of wood contained in dead stubs in the canopy compared to pollarding trees. Topping increased the need for cleaning the canopy of dead branches. A collar formed at the base of sprouts that were less than 0.64 the diameter of the largest sprout 5 years aſter the original heading cuts on trees in the topped treatment. Key Words. Pollarding; Topping; Barrier Zone; Decay; Restoration Pruning; Canopy Cleaning. ©2005 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
January 2005
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