Journal of Arboriculture 31(1): January 2005 39 managers, urban foresters, and arborists (Fettig et al. 2001). Papers were selected for the database based on the criterion that they reported a sampling technique or sampling program that was useful for IPM decision-making. This material is now also accessible at http://everest.ento.vt.edu/ ~salom/Samplemeth and is updated annually. The following demographic is based on Fettig et al. 2001, which included 125 publications (entries) representing 55 species, 22 families, and 6 orders. Papers spanned more than 50 years of entomological research, but most entries were published within the past 30 years. Sampling summa- ries were available for 35% and 45% of forest pests consid- ered at least moderately important in Canada and the United States, respectively (Armstrong and Ives 1995; USDA-FS 1998, 1999, 2000). RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF FEEDING GROUPS AND SPECIES The majority of sampling procedures developed for forest and shade tree insects were published on defoliating insects, which is the largest group represented in the sampling database (58%; Table 1). Forty percent of all species were classified as defoliating insects (Table 1). Forest and shade tree defoliators are found in five insect orders, including Lepidopetra, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera (including Phasmida and Mantodea), and Diptera. Fettig et al. (2001) provided only summaries on publications repre- senting three orders, Lepidoptera (65 publications), Hymenoptera (7 publications), and Coleoptera (1 publica- tion). At least two papers are available on Orthopteran pests that did not meet the criterion for inclusion in their data- base (Readshaw 1965; Hodson 1972). To our knowledge, no sampling technique or sampling program has been pub- lished on a Dipteran defoliator of forest or shade trees. In general, these species are of limited importance. Among the best known is the native holly leafminer, Phytomyza iliccola Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a common pest of American holly, Ilex apaca Ait., in the eastern United States (Coulson and Witter 1984). The most commonly referenced defoliators were the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) (14 publications); Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) (11 publications); spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (10 publications); and western spruce budworm, C. occidentalis Freeman (8 publica- tions) (Table 2). These four species alone accounted for 35% of all publications in the database, and they are also the most common species represented among the five feeding groups. All are notable pests that have had a significant impact on our forested resources. Lymantria dispar was first introduced into Medford, Massachusetts, in 1869, and is now a major defoliator of hardwoods throughout eastern North America. Orgyia pseudotsugata is a major defoliator of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and true firs, Abies spp., throughout western North America. Choristoneura fumiferana is the most destructive defoliator of balsam fir, A. balsamea (L.) Mill., and white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, in eastern North America. Historically, control programs for C. fumiferana were among the largest in the world (Sterner and Davidson 1982). Choristoneura occidentalis is an important pest of Douglas-fir; true firs; Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.; and larch, Larix occidentalis Nutt., in the western United States and Canada. Infestations in mature stands cause growth loss, top kill, and occasional tree mortality (Coulson and Witter 1984). Table 1. Summary of publications available on sampling methods for forest and shade tree insects of North America based on review of Fettig et al. (2001). Feeding groupz Bud, shoot, and root Defoliating Piercing–sucking Seed and cone Orders Coleoptera No. of No. of No. of families Lepidoptera 1 Coleoptera Hymenoptera 2 Lepidoptera 8 Acari Homoptera Diptera Wood- and bark-boring Coleoptera Total 6 z y x As defined and reported by Fettig et al. (2001). Number (percentage of total number of publications within feeding group). Number (percentage of total number of publications). wOne family (Tortricidae) represented in three feeding groups. 1 4 2 Lepidoptera 1 2 22w 2 1 4 6 1 6 Total no. of species publications publications 10 (50)y 20 (16)x 10 (50) 1(1) 7 (10) 15 2 9 2 2 8 55 65 (89) 3 (25) 9 (75) 4 (67) 2 (73) 14 (100) 125 12 (10) 6 (5) 14 (11) 125 73 (58) The second largest group represented was classified as bud, shoot, and root insects (Table 1). This group included 16% of all publications and 18% of all species reported (Table 1). Recently, research efforts have focused on the development of sampling techniques for regenera- tion weevils, Hylobius spp., and tip moths, Rhyacionia spp., in forest and Christmas tree plantations. The pest status of these two genera has increased with the advent of intensive forest management (Fettig and Salom 1998; Fettig et al. 2001; Asaro et al. 2003; Coyle et al. 2003). For instance, the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) ©2005 International Society of Arboriculture
January 2005
| Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
| Empty |
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success. You will be contacted by Washington Gas with follow-up information regarding your request.
This process might take longer please wait
