52 Gilman and Knox: Pruning Type Affects Decay and Structure Table 2. Number, length, and volume of dead stubsz Mean number of Pruning treatment Headed 2- to 3-year-old wood (pollard) 27.3 by Headed 4- to 5-year-old wood (topped) 105.0 c Not pruned 0 a z lateral branch, live sprout, or pollard head. y greater than 6 mm (0.25 in.) diam- eter in the canopy following 4 years of different pruning treatments on crapemyrtle. (Means are based on three stems on three trees in each treatment.) Mean length of Mean volume of dead stubs/tree of dead stubs (mm) dead stubs/tree (mm) 3.5 (0.14 in.) b 644 b 23.1 (0.91 in.) c 0a 3612 c 0 a A dead stub resulting from a heading cut is the dead portion of a stem beyond the point of the closest live Means in a column are statistically different at P < 0.01. American National Standards Institute (ANSI). 2001. American National Standard for Tree Care Operations— Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance— Standard Practices (Pruning) (A300, Part 1). Tree Care Industry Association, Manchester, NH. Boddy, L., and A.D.M. Rayner. 1983. Origins of decay in living deciduous trees: The role of moisture content and the re-appraisal of the expanded concept of tree decay. New Phytol. 94:623–641. Eisner, N., E.F. Gilman, J. Grabosky, and R.C. Beeson. 2002. Branch morphology impacts compartmentalization of pruning wounds. J. Arboric. 28:99–105. Gilman, E.F. 2003. Branch-to-stem diameter ratio affects strength of attachment. J Arboric. 29:291–293. Gilman, E.F., and S. Lilly. 2002. Best Management Practices: Tree Pruning. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. 35 pp. Green D.J., W.C. Shortle, and A.L. Shigo. 1981. Compartmentalization of discolored and decayed wood in red maple branch stubs. For. Sci. 27:519–522. Harris, R., J. Clark, and N. Matheny 2004. Arboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines (4th ed.). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 578 pp. Lonsdale, D. 1999. Principles of Tree Hazard Assessment and Management. Stationary Office, Norwich, England. 388 pp. Pearce, R.B. 1990. Occurrence of decay-associated xylem suberization in a range of woody species. Eur. J. For. Path. 20:275–289. Pearce, R.B., and J. Rutherford. 1981. A wound-associated suberization barrier to the spread of decay in the sapwood of oak. (Quercus robur). Physiol. Plant Pathol. 19:359–369. Raimbault, P. 1996. Unique Pruning Techniques Used in France. Abstract, ISA annual conference, Cleveland OH. Rier, J.P., and A.L. Shigo. 1972. Some changes in red maple, Acer rubrum, tissues within 34 days after wounding in July. Can. J. Bot. 50:1783–1784. Schmidt, O., and W. Leise. 1993. Response of xylem parenchyma by suberization in some hardwoods after mechanical injury. Trees 8:23–30. Shigo, A. 1989. Tree Pruning: A Worldwide Photo Guide. Shigo and Trees, Associates, Durham, NH. 186 pp. Shigo, A., and H.G. Marx. 1977. Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees. USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin 405. 73 pp. Smiley. T. 2003. Does included bark reduce the strength of codominant stems? J. Arboric. 29:104–106. Tippett, T.J., and A. Shigo. 1980. Barrier zone anatomy in red pine roots invaded by Heterobasibion annosum. Can. J. Bot. 30:224–232. Acknowledgments. Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-10612. 1* Professor Environmental Horticulture Department University of Florida 1545 Fifield Hall P.O. Box 110670 Gainesville, FL 32611-0670, U.S. 2 Professor North Florida Research and Education Center University of Florida Gainesville, FL 3261-0670, U.S. *Corresponding author. ©2005 International Society of Arboriculture
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