Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(4): July 2010 for Populus nigra and Fraxinus oxycarpa trees. In contrast, Bark- er (1995) found Celtis australis and Prunus serotina growing in sandy clay loam had deep root systems in intermediate bulk den- sity soils. Bulk densities of 1.4 g/cm3 to 2.2 g/cm3 are common in the urban environment, and have been shown to limit root growth (Patterson 1977; Alberty et al.1984; Craul 1992; Randrup 1998). Reduction in the number of leaves results from: 1) soil type used, 2) heat stress during the dry months, reducing the avail- able water in the soil and increasing the evapotranspiration, and 3) damage by insects that ate the leaves. Cregg and Dix (2001) reported Quercus rubra and Fraxinus pennsylvanica suffered from heat stress in the hottest months of the year in urban areas. A reduction of the root:shoot ratio during the dry season (six months after planting) in both soil types was found in this study. Similar reduction in growth and root:shoot ratio was observed by Neal and Whitlow (1997) in seedlings that were not irrigated in dry seasons. Reductions in foliar leaf area may be due to heat stress effects. Svihra et al. (1993) observed that the growth of Sequoia sempervirens was affected by heat stress. The symptoms seen on trees were leaf fall, leaf curl and in extreme cases, death. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study show that compaction affects the growth characteristics of all three species used—bottle brush and pink trumpet are affected mainly by soil type, and trumpet bush growth is affected by soil type and soil compaction level. Bottle brush, an exotic species from Australia, showed a better response to all levels of compaction in both soils than pink trumpet and trumpet bush (natives of the Caribbean and Central America). All three species had better development on sandy clay loam soil. This response was expected because sandy clay loam texture is less compacted at the studied bulk densities. Results suggest the three tree species tested have the following order of tolerance to urban soil conditions: C. citrinus > T. rosea > T.stans, in this study. A suggestion to urban foresters would be to give special attention to soil textural properties in establishing tree species in urban environ- ments, in order to minimize the detrimental effect of compaction. Acknowledgments. The authors wish to thank Dr. Eric Harmsen, Dr. Ramon Torres, and Dr. Miguel Pando for their support. Many thanks are also due to two anonymous reviewers of this journal and Mohan K. Wali; their comments improved the manuscript immensely. LITERATURE CITED Alberty, C.A., H.M. Pellet, and D.H. Taylor. 1984. Characterization of soil compaction at construction sites and woody plant response. Jour- nal of Environmental Horticulture 2:48–53. ATMOS CARIB. 2003. Research Center University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus. Barker, P.A. 1995. Managed development of tree roots. I. Ultra-deep rootball and root barrier effects on European hackberry. Journal of Arboriculture 21(4):202–208. Bassuk, N., and T. Whitlow. 1988. Environmental stress in street trees. Arboricultural Journal 12:195–201. Blake, G.R., and K.H. Hartge. 1986. Bulk density. pp. 363–375. In: A. Klute (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Agronomy Monograph 9. ASA, Madison, WI. Bradley, G.A. 1995. Urban Forest Landscapes. Integrating Multidisci- plinary Perspectives. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 169 Brasher, B.R., D.P. Franzmeier, V. Valassis, and S.E. Davidson. 1966. Use of saran resin to coat natural soil clods for bulk density and mois- ture retention measurements. Soil Science 70:351–362. Chiapperini, G., and J.R. Donnelly. 1978. Growth of sugar maple see- dlings in compacted soil. Fifth North American Forest Biology Wor- kshop. pp. 196–200. Craul, P.J. 1985. A description of urban soils and their desired characte- ristics. Journal of Arboriculture 11:330–339. Craul, P. 1992. Urban Soil Landscape Design. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Cregg, B., and M.E. Dix. 2001. Tree moisture stress and insect damage in urban areas in relation to heat island effects. Journal of Arboriculture 27:8-17. Costello, L., C.L. Elmore, and S. Steinmaus. 1997. Tree root response to circling root barriers. Journal of Arboriculture 23:211-218. Day, S.D., and N.L. Bassuk. 1994. A review of the effects of soil com- paction and amelioration treatments on landscape trees. Journal of Arboriculture 20:9–17. Felt, E.J. 1965. Compactibility. pp. 401–413. In: C.A. Black (ed.), Meth- ods of Soil Analysis, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. Foil, R.R., and C.W. Ralston. 1967. The establishment and growth of loblolly pine seedlings on compacted soils. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America 31:565–568. Gentry, A.H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). In: Organi- zation for Flora Neotropica (ed.). Flora Neotropica Monograph. Gilman, E.F., and D.G. Watson. 1993. Callistemon Citrinus: Red Bottle- brush. Fac Sheet ENH269. University of Florida Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 1996. Testing of structural urban tree soil materials for the use under pavement to increase street tree rooting volumes. Journal of Arboriculture 22:255–263. Handreck, K.A., and N.D. Black. 1994. Growing Media for Ornamental Plants and Turf (2nd rev. ed.). New South Wales University Press, Kensington, Australia. Jim, C.Y. 1998. Soil compaction at tree-planting sites in urban Hong Kong. pp 166-178. In: D. Neely and G.W. Watson (eds.). The Land- scape below Ground II: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. Kelsey, P., and R. Hootman. 1990. Soil resource evaluation for a group of sidewalk street tree planters. Journal of Arboriculture 16:113–117. Kjelgren, R., and J. Clark. 1993. Growth and water relations of Liqui- dambar styraciflua L. in an urban park and plaza. Trees 7:195–201. Krizek, D.T., and S.P. Dubik. 1987. Influence of water stresses and re- stricted root volume on growth and development of urban trees. Jour- nal of Arboriculture 13:47–55. Kozlowski, T. 1985. Soil aeration, flooding, and tree growth. Journal of Arboriculture 3:161–167. Lindsey, P., and N. Bassuk. 1991. Specifying soil volumes to meet the water needs of mature urban trees in containers. Journal of Arbori- culture 17:141–149. Little, E.L., Jr., and F.H. Wadsworth. 1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agriculture Handbook 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 548 p. Materechera, S.A., A.R. Dexter, and A.M. Alston. 1991. Penetration of very strong soils by seedlings roots of different plant species. Plant and Soil 135:31–41. Munsell® Color Charts for Plant Tissues. 1977. Macbeth Division of Kollmorgen Instruments Corporation, Baltimore, MD. ©2010 International Society of Arboriculture
July 2010
| Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
| Empty |
Ai generated response may be inaccurate.
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success.
Downloading PDF
Generating your PDF, please wait...
This process might take longer please wait
