Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(4): July 2010 success (Gilman et al. 1998; Gilman 2001). Substrate compo- sition in containers could impact tree establishment by retain- ing more or less water depending on its properties (Spomer 1980). Soil type in the field-grown root ball and landscape could interact and play an important role in soil moisture and air properties, which could influence root growth and estab- lishment. Unfortunately, this has received almost no attention. Acknowledgments. Thank you to the TREE fund and GreatSouthernTreeConference.org for funding this study. LITERATURE CITED Anella, L., T.C. Hennessey, and E.M. Lorenzi. 2008. Growth of balled- and-burlapped versus bare-root trees. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 34:200–203. Anonymous. 1998. Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Gaines- ville, FL. . Appleton, B.L. 1993. 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Post-transplant root system expan- sion in Juniperus chinensis L. as influenced by production system, mechanical root disruption and soil type. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5:155–158. Coutts, M.P., and B.C. Nicoll. 1991. Orientation of lateral roots of trees: Upward growth of surface roots and deflection near the soil surface. New Phytologist 119:227–234. Dana, M.N., and S.C. Blessing. 1994. Post-transplant root growth and water relations of Thuja occidentalis from field and containers. In: G.W. Watson and D. Neely (eds.). The Landscape Below Ground. Proceedings of Int’l Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL. Gilman, E.F., and R.C. Beeson. 1996. Production method affects tree es- tablishment in the landscape. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14:81–87. Gilman, E.F., T.H. Yeager, and D. Weigle. 1996. Fertilizer, irrigation and root ball slicing affects Burford holly growth after planting. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14:105–110. Gilman, E.F., R.J. Black, and B. Dehgan. 1998. Irrigation volume and frequency and tree size affect establishment rate. Journal of Arbori- culture 24:1–9. 189 Gilman, E.F. 2001. Effect of nursery production method, irrigation, and inoculation with mycorrhizae-forming fungi on establishment of Quercus virginiana. Journal of Arboriculture 27:30–39. Gilman, E.F., M.D. Marshall, and A. Stodola. 2002. Irrigation and con- tainer type impact red maple five years after landscape planting. Jour- nal of Arboriculture 29:231–236. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2010. Root ball shaving improves root systems on seven species in containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28:13–18. Harris, J.R., and E.F. Gilman. 1993. Production method affects growth and post-transplant establishment of ‘East Palatka’ holly. Journal of American Society Horticulture Science 118:194–200. Harris, J.R., J. Fanelli, A. Niemiera, and R. Wright. 2001. Root pruning pin oak liners affects growth and root morphology. HortTechnology 11:49–52. Krasowski, M.J., and J.N. Owens. 2000. Morphological and physical attributes of root systems and seedlings growth in three different Picea glauca reforestation stock. Canadian Journal of Forest Re- search 30:1669–1681. Langley, B. 1728. Principles of Gardening: or, the laying out and planting parterns, groves, wildernesses, labyrinths, avenues, parks, etc. Bettes- worth, Batley, Pemberton, Bowles, Clarke, Bowles. London. Malieke, R., and R.L. Hummel. 1990. Planting landscape plants. Wash- ington State University Cooperative Extension Service, Puyallup, Washington. EB 1505. Marshall, M.D., and E.F. Gilman. 1998. Effects of container type on root growth and landscape establishment of Acer rubrum. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16:55–59. Marler, T.E., and F.S. Davies. 1987. Bare-rooted and container-grown ‘Hamlin’ orange trees in field soil. Proc. Florida State Horticulture Society 100:89–93. Martin, C.A., and J.C. Stutz. 1994. Growth of argentine mesquite inocu- lated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Arbori- culture 20:134–139. Roppolo, D.J., and R.W. Miller. 2001. Factors predisposing urban trees to sunscald. Journal of Arboriculture 27:246–254. Ruter, J.M. 1993. Growth and landscape performance of three landscape plants produced in conventional and pot-in-pot productions systems. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 11:124–127. Spomer, A. 1980. Container soil water relations: production, mainte- nance, and transplanting. Journal of Arboriculture 6:315–320. Stout, B.B. 1956. Studies of the root systems of deciduous trees. Black Forest Bulletin 15. Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, NY: Harvard Univer- sity 45 pp. Struve, D.K. 1993. Effect of copper-treated containers on transplant survival and regrowth of four tree species. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 11:196–199. Struve, D.K. 1994. Street tree establishment. In: G.W. Watson and D. Neely (eds.). The Landscape Below Ground. Proceedings of the In- ternational Workshop on tree root development in urban soils. Inter- national. Society Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. Struve, D.K., L. Burchfield, and C. Maupin. 2000. Survival and growth of transplanted large- and small-caliper red oaks. Journal of Arbori- culture 26:162–169. Watson, G.W., and E.B. Himelick. 1982. Root distribution of nursery trees and its relationship to transplanting. Journal of Arboriculture 8:305–310. ©2010 International Society of Arboriculture
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