Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39(1): January 2013 LITERATURE CITED Detters, A., C. Cowell, L. McKeown, and P. Howard. 2008. Evaluation of current rigging and dismantling practices used in arboriculture. Re- port submitted to the Health and Safety Executive and the Forestry Commission UK. 355 pp. Ellison, M.J. 2005. Quantified tree risk assessment used in the manage- ment of amenity trees. Journal of Arboriculture 31(2):57– 65. Farrell, J.W. 2003. Structural features related to tree crotch strength. MSc Forestry. Thesis submitted to the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. 57 pp. Goodfellow, J. 2009. Development of risk assessment criteria for branch failures within crowns of trees. Report to the Utility Arborist’s As- sociation, prepared by Biocompliance Consulting, Inc, Redmond, Washington, U.S. 78 pp. Haack, R.A., E. Jendek, H-P Liu, K.R. Marchant, T.R. Petrice, T.M. Poland, and H. Ye. 2002. The emerald ash borer: A new exotic pest in North America. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomology Society 47:1–5. Hauer, R., J.W. Wing, and J.O. Dawson. 1993. Ice storm damage to urban trees. Journal of Arboriculture 19(4):187–193. Herms, D.A., A.K. Stone, and J.A. Chatfield. 2004. Emerald ash borer: The beginning of the end of ash in North America. Ohio State Uni- versity Ash Alert. Accessed 06/01/20114.
James, K., and B. Kane. 2008. Precision digital instruments to measure dynamic wind loads on trees during storms. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology: 148(6–7):1055–1061. Lilly, S., and T.D. Sydnor. 1995 Comparison of branch failure during static loading of silver and Norway maple. Journal of Arboriculture 21(6):302–305. Niklas, K.J. 1997. Mechanical properties of black locust (Robinia pseu- doacacia) wood: Correlations among elastic and rupture moduli, proportional limit and tissue density and specific gravity. Annals of Botany 79:479–485. Figure 4. Drill resistance (mm) measurements versus percentage stem diameter at drill points at the base and at 1 m above the base for visually un-infested and EAB infested ash trees in north- west Ohio in 2009. and rigging activity will exert variable forces at single or multiple points on branches or basal stems of EAB infested ash trees. Det- ters et al. (2008) indicated that failure of the load bearing structure (branches and stems of trees) may occur during rigging and dis- mantling because of strength loss due to biotic effects. With ad- vancing age of the EAB infestation, the risk concern of forces ex- erted by rigging and dismantling will exceed that emanating from the single load point responses we have observed in this study. This work represents the first documented study that uses stat- ic loading and resistance drilling techniques to study the material degradation of tree wood caused by wood borers. Further work should be carried out on this EAB–ash tree complex as it pertains to tree structural and material integrity. This is especially relevant when large numbers of tree hosts occur in close proximity to each other or are prevalent species in community greenspaces. Acknowledgements. The authors wish to express gratitude for the sup- port from the city of Perrysburg, OH; Joe Tommasi and the safety de- partment of the Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent, OH; John Goodfellow of BioCompliance Consulting, Inc. Redmond, WA; and Andreas Detters of Brudi & Partner TreeConsult, Germany. USDA: Forest Products Laboratory. 1987. Wood Handbook: Wood as an en- gineering material. Forest Service Agricultural Handbook. No 72. 433 pp. Zobel, B.J., and J.P. van Buijtenen 1989. Wood variation: Its causes and control. New York: Springer-Verlag. Anand B. Persad (corresponding author) Entomologist Davey Institute 1500 N. Mantua Street Kent, Ohio 44240, U.S. [email protected] John Siefer Research Assistant Davey Institute 1500 N. Mantua Street Kent, Ohio 44240, U.S. Roy Montan Safety Dept. Davey Tree Experts 1500 N. Mantua Street Kent, Ohio 44240, U.S. Scott Kirby District Manager Davey Tree Experts, 409 Burbank Drive Toledo, Ohio 43607, U.S. ©2013 International Society of Arboriculture 15
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