Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39(1): January 2013 products. This business model can be considered as an integrated entity with respect to log procurement (hauling and milling). Neither is profitable as a stand-alone entity in this case because the trucking operation is approximately break-even and the mill operation requires a near zero log procurement cost to be profitable. A non-monetary aesthetic value (e.g., Gopalakrishnan et al. 2011) can be placed on using site-derived tree products such as flooring and cabinetry, and in this case study the company demonstrated a profitable basis for this particular form of valua- tion. One permutation of this aesthetic valuation, as reported by clients, was that the actual lumber grade was a misleading indicator of value to the client, because lower grade boards often had “more interesting” grain structures that yield higher value secondary products (D. Warmbold, pers. comm.). Additionally, there is a considerable value to the community of reducing pres- sure on landfill space and other public resources. These sorts of hedonic or perceived values accrued by the client or end user are represented by the milling and additional costs for production of secondary products. The study authors believe stakeholders, including municipalities, builders, landowners, and public institu- tions, can reasonably consider, and may incentivize, these sorts of urban wood utilization strategies to a greater extent in the future. Acknowledgments. The authors thank E. Cesa, A. Steele (USDA Forest Service – Wood Education and Resource Center) and E. Lem- picki (NJ Forest Service) for their helpful suggestions and sup- port; and D. Warmbold, Citilog, Inc., and P. LaMana, Heartwood Consulting, for help with data collection. Additionally, we thank two anonymous reviewers. This study was funded in part from a grant by the Wood Education and Resource Center, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. LITERATURE CITED Bratkovich, S.M. 2001. Utilizing Municipal Trees: Ideas from Across the Country. NA-TP-06-01, St. Paul, MN: USDA, Forest Service, North- eastern Area, State and Private Forestry. Cesa, E.T., E.A. Lempicki, and J. H. Knotts. 1994. Recycling Municipal Trees: A Guide for Marketing Sawlogs from Street Tree Removals in Municipalities. NA-TP-02-94, Morgantown, WV: USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry. Gopalakrishnan, S., M.D. Smith, J.M. Slott, and A.B. Murray. 2011. The value of disappearing beaches: A hedonic pricing model with endogenous beach width. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 61:297–310. Gorman, J. 2004. Resident’s opinions on the value of street trees depend- ing on location. Journal of Arboriculture 30:36–44. Hardwood Market Report, Vol. 86, No. 7, February 16, 2008. Hardwood Market Report, P.O. Box 2633, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. 29 Lempicki, E.A., and E.T. Cesa. 2000. Recycling urban tree removals, pp. 359–374. In: J.E. Kuser (Ed.). Handbook of Urban and Community Forestry in the northeast. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub- lishers. 444 pp. MacFarlane, D.W. 2007. Quantifying urban saw timber abundance and quality in southeastern lower Michigan, U.S. Journal of Arboriculture 33:253–263. Matheny, N.P., and J.R. Clark. 1994. A Photographic Guide to the Evalu- ation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas. 2nd edition. International Society of Arboriculture, Urbana, Illinois, U.S. McPherson, E.G., James R. Simpson, and Paula J. Peper. 2005. Munici- pal forest benefits and costs in five U.S. cities. Journal of Forestry 103:411–416. NHLA. 2007. Rules for the Measurement & Inspection of Hardwood & Cypress, Plus NHLA Sales Code & Inspection Regulations, Effective January 1, 2007. National Hardwood Lumber Association, PO Box 34518, Memphis, TN 38184-0518. Nowak, D.J., J.T. Walton, J.F. Dwyer, L.G. Kaya, and S. Meyong. 2006. The increasing influence of urban environments on U.S. forest management. Journal of Forestry 103:377–382. Pataki, D.E., R.J. Alig, A.S. Fung, N.E. Golubiewski, C.A. Kennedy, et al. 2006. Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 12:2092–2102. Rast, E.D., D.L. Sonderman, and G.L. Gammon. 1973. A Guide to Hardwood Log Grading. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-1. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 32 pp. Sabor, A.A., V.C. Radeloff, R.B. Hammer, and S.I. Stewart. 2003. Re- lationship between housing density and timber harvest in the Upper Lake States, pp. 80–82. In: L.J. Buse, A.H. Perera, comps. Meeting emerging ecological, economic, and social challenges in the Great Lakes region: Popular summaries. For. Res. Inf. Pap. 155. Sault Ste. Marie, ON: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Forest Research Institute. Sherrill, S.B. 2003. Harvesting Urban Timber: A Guide to Making Better Use of Urban Trees. Linden Publishing Inc., Fresno, California, U.S. 223 pp. USDA Forest Service Forest Products Lab. 1987. Wood Handbook: Wood as an engineering material. Washington, D.C., U.S. 466 pp. Craig A. Tinus (corresponding author) Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97330, U.S.
[email protected] Michael LaMana Heartwood Ecological Consulting 1561 Rt. 9, Ste. 6 Toms River, New Jersey 08753, U.S. Agriculture Handbook 72, ©2013 International Society of Arboriculture
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