160 Dadea et al.: Tree Species as Tools for Biomonitoring and Phytoremediation in Urban Environments RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fast-growing tree species, such as Betula pendula and Robinia pseudoacacia, can be considered ideal low-cost candidates for phy- toremediation applications, due to their high transpiration rates, fast growth rate after transplanting, and high biomass production. Moreover, Betula pendula has a high potential for phytoremediation, as it is able to mobi- lize trace elements in the soil and concentrate them at the root level, thus minimizing their translocation to leaves, wood, and bark (Evan- gelou et al. 2012). This has been shown, for example, for aluminum by Baker et al. (1981), and Rosselli et al. (2003). As Table 3 shows, all selected tree species are characterized by promising tolerance traits and show a high hardiness that render them suitable for a wide range of urban environments. Several stud- ies have revealed that salt-tolerant plants may also tolerate other stresses, including heavy metals and xenobiotics, offering greater po- tential for phytoremediation research (Ma- nousaki and Kalogerakis 2011). Additionally, the high tolerance to pests and diseases defines the ability of some deciduous trees for phy- toremediation (Peuke and Rennenberg 2005; Lohmus et al. 2007; Rosenvald et al. 2011). The potential/suitability for each species for phytoremediation and biomonitoring is shown in Table 4. Consequently, some of those species may provide information on the quality and quantity of trace elements. Betula pendula or Robinia pseudoacacia appear suitable for sev- eral applications related to phytoremedia- tion. Furthermore, Betula pendula can grow on older heavy-metal soils by utilizing ecto- mycorrhizal fungi (Bothe 2011). Tilia cordata might be also suitable for phytoremediation due to its foliar trapping capacity and it can provide valuable information on airborne pol- lutants (Anicic et al. 2011; Tomaševic et al. 2011). There is a lack of information about the capacity of Carpinus betulus on heavy metals removal. Table 4 also shows the foliar trap- ping capacity of the tree species. In general, leaves with hairy, resinous, scaly, and coarse surfaces have the highest potential to inter- cept contaminants and particulate matter in comparison to smooth leaves (Beckett et al. 1998; Beckett et al. 2000; Yang et al. 2005). Table 5 shows the allergenicity potential and the VOCs emission capacity of the selected urban tree species. Trees with high BVOC (biogenic volatile organic compounds) and pollen emissions should be avoided in urban areas. The air pollution due to BVOC emis- sions is related to their reactivity with some of the compounds released from anthropo- genic sources, especially nitrogen oxides (NOx Table 3. Tree species’ main tolerance traits; h = highly suitable with regard to stress, m = moderately, l = low. Species Pollution resistance Acer pseudoplatanus Ailanthus altissima Betula pendula Carpinus betulus Ginkgo biloba Platanus × hispanica Quercus robur Robinia pseudoacacia Tilia cordata z Roloff et al. (2009) y Aasamaa et al. (2002) x Dirr (1976) w Turner et al. (1993) v Sjöman et al. (2015) u Chiusoli (2004) t Kowarik (2011) s Karlik and Pittenger (2012) r Constán-Nava et al. (2010) q Hartikainena et al. (2012) ly hu, t hq, p hu hu hm lx, y, k, j hx, u, h lg Salt stress resistance hx, w hs, x mx lx, o mn ll lo, i hh hh, g p Seco et al. (2007) o Antonellini and Mollema (2010) n Takahashi et al. (2005) m De La Torre (2001) l Rose and Webber (2011) k Allen et al. (2010) j Wisniewski and Dickinson (2003) i Sehmer et al. (1995) h Sjöman and Busse Nielsen (2010) g Paludan-Müller et al. (2002) Drought resistance lz, v hz, t, r mz mz hz hz lz hz lx Hardinessz h m h h m m h h h ). Ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates, aldehydes and ketones, hydrogen peroxide, secondary ©2017 International Society of Arboriculture
July 2017
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