98 published on carbon storage in urban trees (Nowak and Crane 2002; Nowak et al. 2002) may need to be adjusted for decay loss- es if this degree of decay is found throughout the urban forest. Acknowledgments. The authors acknowledge the generous support of the Hyland Johns Tree Fund and the New York State Department of Conservation which provided monetary sup- port for this research. We also acknowledge Oliver Hein of IML, Inc. for Resistograph as- sistance. LITERATURE CITED Bethge, K., C. Mattheck, and E. Hunger. 1996. Equipment for the detec- tion and evaluation of incipient decay in trees. Arboricultural Journal 20:13–37. Bond, J. 2006. Foundations of tree risk analysis: Use of t/R to evaluate trunk failure potential. Arborist News 31–34. Brashaw, B.K., R.J. Vatalaro, J.P. Wacker, and R.J. Ross. 2005. Condition assessment of timber bridges. 1. Evaluation of a micro-drilling resis- tance tool. USDA General Technical Report FPL-GTR-159. Brudi, E., and P. van Wassenaer. 2002. Trees and statics: Nondestructive failure analysis. In Smiley E. T. and K. Coder (Eds.). Tree Structure and Mechanics Conference Proceedings: How trees stand up and fall down. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. Costello, L.R., and S.L. Quarles. 1999. Detection of wood decay in blue gum and elm: An evaluation of the Resistograph and the portable drill. Journal of Arboriculture 25:311–317. Ellison, M.J. 2005. Quantified tree risk assessment used in the manage- ment of amenity trees. Journal of Arboriculture 31:57–65. Gilbert, E.A., and E.T. Smiley. 2004. Picus sonic tomography for the quantification of decay in white oak (Quercus alba) and hickory (Carya spp.) Journal of Arboriculture 30:277–281. Gruber, F. 2007. Die VTA-0,32-estwandstärkenregel, wissenschaftlich un- haltbar und praktisch unbrauchbar. Agrar- und Umweltrecht 1:7–12. Isik, F., and B. Li. 2003. Rapid assessment of wood density of live trees using the Resistograph for selection in tree improvement programs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:2426–2435. Hepting, G.H. 1971. 1971. Disease of forest and shade trees of the United States. USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook Number 386. 658 pp. Jaenson, R., N. Bassuk, S. Schwager, and D. Headley. 1992. A statistical method of the accurate and rapid sampling of urban street tree popu- lations. Journal of Arboriculture 18:171–183. Kane, B., D. Ryan, and D. V. Bloniarz. 2001. Comparing formulae that assess strength loss due to decay. Journal of Arboriculture 27:78–87. Luley, C. J. 2006. Identifying wood decay and wood decay fungi. Ar- borist News 15:12–19. Manion, P.D. 1981a. Norway maple decline. Journal of Arboriculture 7:38–42. Manion, P.D. 1981b. Tree disease concepts. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 399 pp. Luley et al.: Trunk Decay in Street Tree Maples Matheny N., Clark J. 1994. A photographic guide to the evaluation of hazard trees in urban areas. 2nd edition International Society of Ar- boriculture. Savoy, IL. 85 pp. Mattheck, C., and H. Breleor. 1994. Field guide for visual tree assess- ment (VTA). Arboricultural Journal 18:1–23. Mattheck, C., K. Bethge, and D. Erb, 1993. Failure criteria for trees. Arboricultural Journal 17:201–209. Mattheck, C., K. Bethge, and W. Albrecht. 1997. How to read the results of the Resistograph M. Arboricultural Journal 21:331–346. Nicolotti, G., and P. Miglietta. 1998. Using high-technology instruments to assess defects in trees. Journal of Arboriculture 24: 297–302. Nowak, D.J., and R. Rowntree. 1990. History and range of Norway ma- ple. Journal of Arboriculture 16:291–296. Nowak, D.J., J.C. Stevens, S.M. Sisinni and C.J. Luley. 2002. Effects of urban tree management and species selection on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Arboriculture 28:113–122. Nowak, D.J. and D.E. Crane. 2002. Carbon storage and sequestration in urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution 116:381–389. Shigo, A.L. 1966. Decay and discoloration following logging wounds on northern hardwoods. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper, NE-47. Smith, K.T., W.C. Shortle, and K.R. Dudzik. 2001. Patterns of storm injury and tree response. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, NA-TP-02–01. Sisinni, S.M., W.C. Zipperer, and A.G. Pleninger. 1995. Impacts from a major ice storm: Street tree damage in Rochester, NY. Journal of Arboriculture 21:156–167. Tate, R.L. 1984. Stem decay in Central Park. Journal of Arboriculture 10:307-308. Tate, R.L. 1986. Stem decay in street trees in New Jersey and park trees in Central Park, New York. Journal of Arboriculture 12:73–74. Young, C.W.T. 1984. The external signs of decay in trees. Arboricultural Leaflet 1. 12pp. Christopher J. Luley (corresponding author) Vice President Urban Forestry LLC 6050 Hicks Rd. Naples, NY 14512, U.S.
[email protected] David J. Nowak Project Leader USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station 5 Moon Library, SUNY-ESF Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S. Eric J. Greenfield Forester USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station 5 Moon Library, SUNY-ESF Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S. ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
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