Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(2): March 2009 Urban forests in Florida are prone to hurricanes, and as a re- sult, a substantial portion of post-hurricane debris is from trees. Hurricane and tree debris must be considered in urban forest management plans and emergency management activities (Es- cobedo et al. 2007). Thus, there is a need to support local and regional governments with timely information on the extent and location of damage to urban forests, as well as tools to help plan for and manage the debris generated, resources for clean up, and eventual restoration of urban forest structure and func- tion. This study found significant differences in Florida hurricane debris and its management from what the literature suggests. These results need to be communicated to concerned officials and researchers to improve our confidence in the estimation of hurricane damage to urban forests and the associated costs. Acknowledgements. This study was funded by the Florida DACS-Di- vision of Forestry. We thank Andrew Kittsley, David Metzker, Cecilia Meeks, Steve Simpson, Wayne Zipperer, David Nowak, and Eric Green- field for providing data as well as Benjamin Thompson, Eric Kuehler, Dudley Hartel, Charlie Marcus and two anonymous reviewers for help- ful comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Bloniarz, D. V., D.P. Ryan, C.J. Luley, J. Bond, and D.C. Hawkins. 2001. An Initial Storm Damage Assessment Protocol for Urban and Com- munity Forests. 15 June 2008. . COES. 2005. Disaster Debris Management Training Manual. State of Cali- fornia, Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. Response and Re- covery Division, Technical Assistance Programs. Mather CA. 188 pp. Duryea, M.L. 1997. Wind and Trees: Surveys of Tree Damage in the Florida Panhandle after Hurricanes Erin and Opal. Circular 1183, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agri- cultural Sciences, University of Florida. Duryea, M.L., E. Kampf, and R.C. Littell. 2007a. Hurricanes and the Urban Forest: I. Effects on Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Tree Spe- cies. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 33(2): 83–97. Duryea, M.L., E. Kampf, R.C. Littell, and C.D. Rodríguez-Pedraza. 2007b. Hurricanes and the Urban Forest: II. Effects on Tropical and Subtropical Tree Species. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 33(2): 98–112. Escambia County. 2004. Hurricane Ivan Strom Debris Removal. Escam- bia County Board of County Commissioners Meeting–October 22, 2004. 15 June 2008... Escobedo, F., Northrop, R. and Zipperer, W. 2007. Developing an urban forest management plan for hurricane-prone communities. University of Florida- IFAS, EDIS FOR 121/FR176. 16 June 2008. . Escobedo, F., S. Varela, B. Thompson, and C. Staudhammer. 2008. Pen- sacola Florida’s urban forest. University of Florida- IFAS, EDIS pub- lication. In Review. Everham, E.M. and N.V.L. Brokaw. 1996. Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind. Botanical Review 62:113–85. FEMA. 2004. FEMA-1545-DR, Florida Disaster Declaration as of 12/03/2004. 12 June 2008. . 105 FEMA. 2006a. $1 Billion In Public Assistance For Hurricane Wilma Re- covery. FEMA. News Release Number LTR-06-036. 14 June 2008. . FEMA. 2006b. HAZUS MH MR3 Hurricane Model Technical Manual. 14 June 2008. . FEMA. 2007a. Debris Management Guide. FEMA Publication 325. 06 June 2008. . FEMA. 2007b. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assis- tance Act (Public Law 93-288) as amended. FEMA Publication 592. 15 June 2008. . FEMA. 2007c. Public Assistance and Project Worksheets: The Path to Rebuilding. FEMA News Release Number 1603–656. 15 June 2008. . Francis, J.K. and A.J.R. Gillespie. 1993. Relating gust speed to tree dam- age in Hurricane Hugo, 1989. Journal of Arboriculture 19:368–373. Google Earth. 2007. Google Earth Version 4.2.0198.2451 (beta). 01 June 2008. . Gresham, C.A., T.M. William, and D.J. Lipscombe. 1991. Hurricane Hugo wind damage to southeastern U.S. coastal forest tree species. Biotropica 23:420–426. i-Tree. 2008. i-Tree Software Suite v2.0 User’s Manual. 16 June 2008. . Kupfer, J.A, A.T. Myers, S.E. McLane, and G.N. Melton. 2008. Patterns of forest damage in a southern Mississippi landscape caused by Hur- ricane Katrina. Ecosystems 11: 45–60. Luley, C.J., S. Sisinni, and A. Pleninger. 2002. The effect of wind gust on branch failures. Tree Structure and Mechanics Conference Pro- ceedings. How Trees Stand Up and Fall Down. E.T. Smiley and K.D. Coder, Eds. ISA, Champaign, IL., pp. 103–109. Mayer, H., T. Trump, and F. Escobedo. 2007. Tree damage and restora- tion following Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma at Miami Metrozoo. Florida State Horticulture Society Proceedings, 120:320–322. NOAA. 2004. Tropical Cyclone Report. Hurricane Charley, 9–14 Au- gust 2004. 05 June 2008. . Nowak, D.J., E.J. Greenfield, and J.T. Walton. 2008. State Urban and Community Forests. USDA Forest Service Northern Research Sta- tion. General Technical Report. In Review. Oswalt S.N. and C.M. Oswalt. 2008. Relationships between common forest metrics and realized impacts of hurricane Katrina on forest resources in Mississippi. Forest Ecology and Management, 255: 1692–1700. Rankin, Tom. 2000. Personal communication with DRC, Inc. SAS. 2006. SAS Institute. The Glimmix Procedure: SAS Publishing; 2006. Umpierre, D. and G. Margoles. 2005. Broward County‘s Web-Based Hurricane Debris Estimation Tool (HurDET). Broward County Emergency Management Agency. 16 June 2008. . U. S. Census Bureau. 2004. Census 2000 TIGER/Line® Files. 16 June 2008. . Ward, H. 2002. FEMA Disaster Debris Planning. RCRA National Meet- ing Presentation. 10 June 2008. . ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
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