Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(2): March 2009 Table 2. Mean growth values of 5 ERC clusters Cluster Geography 1 2 3 4 5 Prob. (%) Eastern NE Scattered NE, KS, OK SE & central KS South. OK & NE TX SE TX -- 4.9 (16.1) c 4.2 (13.9) d 3.5 (11.4) d <1 100 a 100 a 99ab <1 z1 = very sparse; 2 = sparse; 3= medium; 4 = dense; 5 = dense. y1 = <45 deg. angle; 2 = 45 to 89 deg.; 3 = >90 deg. x1 = dead; 2 = barely alive; 3 = moderate; 4 = slight damage; 5 = healthy. Table 3. Correlations of height and dbh of eastern red cedar with age and geographic traits. Height @ Height @ Dbh @ 10 yrs. 3 yrs. Height 5 yrs. 10 yrs. 23 yrs. Dbh 23 yrs. 0.960z 0.945 0.931 0.912 0.931 0.584 0.338 0.592 z Approximate value from Cunningham and King (2000). Regression Analysis The reliability of the regression model to predict the 23-year height from the 10-year height data gave an R- square value of 0.8939 and was significant at the 1% level. The regression model to predict 23-year old growth and survival using a combination of geographic variables as differ- ences from the Colby plantation gave R-square values of 0.6426 (height), 0.6404 (dbh), and 0.4435 (survival) for values signifi- cant at the 1% level. Sources north and east of the Colby planta- tion produced taller and larger diameter trees with higher survival. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In an earlier study comparing eastern redcedar to Rocky Moun- tain juniper in the Great Plains Region (Cunningham and King 2000), tree survival did not differ significantly. Eastern redce- dar were taller, and had wider crowns than did Rocky Moun- tain juniper at 10 years of age, but Rocky Mountain juniper has better crown density for wind reduction than redcedar. Our findings showed growth at 10 years predicted su- perior growth at 23 years, and in agreement with our pre- viously reported study for Rocky mountain juniper (Gey- er et al. 2007), Schafer (1995) and Van Haverbeke and King (1990), for five-year and ten-year relationships. In our Kansas study, we identified at 23 years of age the best area to collect eastern redcedar seed for production of seedlings for Kansas was from an area bounded by eastern and central Ne- braska, central and northern Kansas, and south eastern South Da- kota. Two southern clusters from southern Oklahoma and eastern Texas were much shorter in height. Trees from these sources are not recommended for windbreak plantings in western Kansas. 0.298 0.283 0.286 0.515 0.416 0.463 23 yrs. Long. Lat. Elev. Thus, the general good health, dense crown, and many stems of eastern redcedar from the preferred sources would provide ex- cellent structure, and this species should be selected for use in es- tablishing new windbreaks in western Kansas and nearby areas in central and western Nebraska. This study suggests use of a seed source from within 482.8 km (300 mi) of the planting site would provide the best results for windbreak plantings in the Great Plains. LITERATURE CITED Adams, R.P. 1983. Intraspecific terpenoid variation in J. Scopulorum: Evidence for Pleistocene refugia and recoloniation in western North America, Taxon 32:30–46. Burns, R.M., and B.H. Honkala. 1990. USDA Forest Service. Agricul- ture Handbook 654. Washington D. C. 675 pp. Comer, C., R.P. Adams, and D.F. Van Haverbeke. 1982. Intra- and in- terspecific variation Juniperus virginia and J. scopulorum seedlings based on volatile oil composition. Biochemical Systemics and Ecol- ogy 10:179–306. Cunningham, R.A., and R.M. King. 2000. Juniper seed sources in the Great Plains. General Technical Report, RMRS-GTR-51. USDA Forest Ser- vice, Rocky Mountain Forest Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Fassett, N.C. 1944. Juniperus virginia, J. horizontalis, and J. scopulorum – II. Hybrid swarms of Juniperus virginia and Juniperus scopulorum. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 71: 475–483. Geyer, W.A., K.D. Lunch, and C.J. Barden. 2007. Rocky Mountain juni- per seed source test in western Kansas, U.S. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(5): 325–328. Harlow, W.M., E.S. Harrar, and E.S. White. 1979. Textbook of Dendrol- ogy, 6th Edition, McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc. New York, 510 pp. SAS. 2000. SAS User’s Guide. Version 8.1. Gary, NC. SAS Institute Inc. 1696 p. Schaefer, P. 1995. Ten-year results of an eastern redcedar and Rocky Mountain juniper provenance test in eastern South Dakota. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 12(1): 30–35. Van Haverbeke, D.F. 1968. A population analysis of Juniperus in the Missouri River Basin. New Series 38. Lincoln, NE, University of Ne- braska Studies. 82pp. Van Haverbeke, D.F., and R.M. King. 1990. Genetic variation in the Great Plains Juniperus. USDA Forest Service. Research Paper M-292. Lin- coln, NE. 8pp. Acknowledgements. This is contribution no. 08-397-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kansas. 9.7 (3.8) b 7.4 (2.9) b 4.6 (1.8) c <1 3.6 b 3.5 b 2.6 c <1 2.0 a 1.9 ab 1.7 ab <1 1.9 a 1.9 a 2.0 a 9 4.7 b 4.6 b 3.9 c <1 Height m (ft) 5.8 (18.9) a 5.4 (17.6) b 109 Survival (%) 100 a 100 a Dbh cm (in) 13.0 (5.1) a 11.7 (4.6) b Densityz -- 4.1 a 3.9 a # stems -- 1.5 c 1.6 c Branch y -- 2.0 a 1.9 a Vigor x -- 4.9 a 4.9 a ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
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