Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(4): July 2006 153 Gartner, J.T., T. Treiman, and T. Frevert. 2002. Missouri urban forest—A ten year comparison. Journal of Arbori- culture 28:76–83. Giles, R.J. 2001. A Total Forest Management Plan and Wild- land Management Decision Support System. http://fwie. fw.vt.edu/rhgiles/Trevey/forSnags.htm. Virginia Poly- technic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. Gilman, E.F. 2002. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Delmar, Albany, NY. ———. 2003. Branch-to-stem diameter ratio affects strength of attachment. Journal of Arboriculture 29:291–293. Gilman, E.F., and G.W. Knox. 2005. Pruning type affects decay and structure of crapemyrtle. Journal of Arboricul- ture 31:48–53. Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 2004. Arbori- culture, Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Hibbler, R.C. 1997. Mechanics of Materials. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. 854 pp. Johnstone, R.A. 1983. Management techniques for utility tree maintenance. Journal of Arboriculture 9:17–20. Karlovich, D.A., J.W. Groninger, and D.D. Close. 2000. Tree condition associated with topping in southern Illinois communities. Journal of Arboriculture 26:87–91. Kozlowski, T.T., and S.G. Pallardy. 1997. Physiology of Woody Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Lilly, S., and T.D. Sydnor. 1995. Comparison of branch fail- ure during static loading of silver and Norway maple. Journal of Arboriculture 21:302–305. MacDaniels, L.H. 1923. The apple-tree crotch. Bulletin 419 of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. ———. 1932. Factors affecting the breaking strength of apple tree crotches. Abstract, Proceedings of the Ameri- can Society of Horticultural Sciences 29:44. Maillette, L. 1982. Structural dynamics of silver birch: I. The fates of buds. Journal of Applied Ecology 19:203–218. Miller, V.J. 1958. Crotch influence on strength and breaking point of apple tree branches. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 73:27–32. Neely, D. 1991. Water transport at stem-branch junctures in woody angiosperms. Journal of Arboriculture 17:285–290. SAS. 2001. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Shigo, A.L. 1985. How tree branches are attached to trunks. Canadian Journal of Botany 63:1391–1401. ———. 1989. A new tree biology, facts, photos and philoso- phies on trees and their problems and proper care. Shigo and Trees Associates, Durham, NH. Smiley, E.T. 2003. Does included bark reduce the strength of codominant stems? Journal of Arboriculture 29:106–106. U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. USDA, Forest Prod- ucts Laboratory, Madison, WI. Gregory A. Dahle (corresponding author) Research Assistant 14 College Farm Road Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551, U.S.
[email protected] Harvey H. Holt Professor of Forestry 195 Marsteller Street Department of Forestry & Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-2033, U.S. William R. Chaney Professor of Tree Physiology 715 West State Street Department of Forestry & Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-2061, U.S. Timothy M. Whalen Assistant Professor of Engineering 550 Stadium Mall Drive School of Civil Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, U.S. Daniel L. Cassens Professor of Wood Products 1200 Forest Products Building Department of Forestry & Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-1200, U.S. Rado Gazo Associate Professor of Wood Processing 1200 Forest Products Building Department of Forestry & Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-1200, U.S. Rita L. McKenzie Urban Forester 195 Marsteller Street Department of Forestry & Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-2033, U.S. ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture
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