Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(4): July 2006 177 Table 1. U.S. accident percentages involving trees and urban settings in 2002. U.S. total All accidents Incapacitating injury and fatality Fatality (6,316,000; 100%)* 13% 1.2% (43,005; 0.6%)* Context Sensitive Solutions represent a “paradigm shift” in how road and street corridors are planned and designed (Otto 2000; Lockwood 2001). Transportation planning can become urban planning. Proponents of growth management and new urbanism view integrative transportation practices as oppor- tunities to create more walkable and livable urban streets. Such multidimensional perspectives could expand the recog- nition of urban forest functions and benefits within the trans- portation industry. Increased community input encourages a transportation planning and research agenda that goes beyond crash hazard mitigation to improved science about how trees can contribute to safer streets and vital cities. Acknowledgments. This project was supported by: the USDA For- est Service (2003-CA-11062764-638) on recommendation of the National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council; and the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. We thank roadside design professionals of the Washington and Minnesota De- partments of Transportation for their review of a manuscript draft. Additional information about the project and related research can be found at: www.cfr.washington.edu/research.envmind/ LITERATURE CITED American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1961. A Policy on Landscape De- velopment for the National System of Interstate and De- fense Highways. AASHTO, Washington, DC. ———. 1967. Highway Design and Operational Practices Related to Highway Design. AASHTO, Washington, DC. ———. 1991. A Guide for Transportation Landscape and Environmental Design. AASHTO, Washington, DC. ———. 2002. Roadside Design Guide, 3rd Edition. AASHTO, Washington, DC. ———. 2004a. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 5th Edition. AASHTO, Washington, DC. ———. 2004b. A Guide for Achieving Flexibility in High- way Design. AASHTO, Washington, DC. ———. 2006. AASHTO Center for Environmental Excel- lence: Best Practices in Context-Sensitive Solutions— 2005 Competition. AASHTO, Washington, DC. Bratton, N.J., and K.L. Wolf. 2005. Trees and Roadside Safety in U.S. Urban Settings, Paper 05-0946. Proceed- Tree accidents 1.9%; (141,000; 2.2%)* 0.9% 0.1% (3,258; <0.001%)* *NHTSA 2004. Percentages may differ from current study due to sampling and analysis procedures. ings of the 84th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Science, Washington, DC. Brehmer, B., and N.-E. Sahlin. 1994. Future Risks and Risk Management. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Nether- lands. Council, F.M., and J.R. Stewart. 1996. Severity indexes for roadside objects. Transportation Research Record 1528. Evans, L. 2002. Traffic crashes: Measures to make traffic safer are most effective when they weigh the relative im- portance of factors such as automotive engineering and driver behavior. American Scientist 90:244–253. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 1997. Flexibility in Highway Design—FHWA-PD-97-062. U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation, Washington, DC. Godley, S., B. Fildes, T. Triggs, and L. Brown. 1999. Road Safety Research Report. Australian Transport Safety Bu- reau, New South Wales. Karr, A. 2001. Stayin’ alive: avoiding off-the-road crashes. Traffic Safety 1:17-22. Lamm, R., B. Psarianos, and T. Mailaender. 1999. Highway Design and Traffic Safety Engineering Handbook. Mc- Graw Hill, New York. Lockwood, I. 2001. Community impact assessment: transpor- tation and livable communities, pp. 1–13. Proceedings of the Northeastern Community Impact Assessment Work- shop. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Mak, K.K. 1995. Safety effects of roadway design decisions- roadside. Transportation Research Record 1512:16–21. McGinnis, R. 2001. Strategic Plan for Improving Roadside Safety. NCHRP Web Document 33 (NCHRP Project G17-13). Washington, DC. Accessed February 2006 at http://trb.org/trb/publications/nchrp/nchrp_w33.pdf Michie, J.D. 1996. Roadside safety: areas of future focus. Transportation Research Board Circular 453:30–37. Milton, J.C., and A.J. St. Martin (Eds.). 2005. Understanding Flexibility in Transportation Design—Washington. Washington State Department of Transportation, Olym- pia, WA. Moler, S. 2002. A hallmark of context sensitive design. Pub- lic Roads 65:6–13. ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture Urban accidents 37% 4.1% 0.4% Urban tree accidents 0.7% 0.04% <0.001%
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