36 Gilman et al.: Retention Time in Nursery Containers and Root Pruning at Planting years aſter planting. Results could have been differ- ent with longer retention times or different contain- ers, although there is some evidence that container type may play a small role (Gilman et al. 2016). Pruning to remove roots and substrate on the root ball periphery at planting, by root ball shaving, had little (aboveground growth) or no (anchorage to the soil) impact on Magnolia in the first four years aſter landscape planting. However, root pruning nearly eliminated circling roots and the visual imprint from roots deflected in containers on both taxa tested (Magnolia and Acer) and improved anchorage slightly (10%) for Acer. Effect of retention time or root pruning at plant- ing on long-term root architecture, health, or anchorage cannot be drawn from this study; long- term studies over decades are needed to test this. Acknowledgments. Thanks to innumerable Florida nursery opera- tions and the Florida Nursery Growers and Landscape Association for financial support for this project. LITERATURE CITED Balisky, A.C., P. Salonius, C. Walli, and D. Brinkman. 1995. Seed- ling roots and forest floor: Misplaced and neglected aspects of British Columbia’s reforestation effort? Forestry Chronicle 71:59–65. Burdett, A.N. 1978. Control of root morphogenesis for improved stability in container-grown lodgepole pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8:483–486. Burns, R.M., and B.H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. vol. 2. 877 pp. Coutts, M.P. 1983. Root architecture and tree stability. Plant and Soil 71:171–188. Coutts, M.P., C. Walker, and A.C. Burnand. 1990. Effects of es- tablishment method on root form of lodgepole pine and Sitka spruce and on the production of adventitious roots. Forestry 63:143–159. 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Root growth of red maple following planting from containers. HortScience 25:527–528. Gilman, E.F., J. Miesbauer, C. Harchick, and R.C. Beeson. 2014. Impact of tree size and container volume at planting, mulch, and irrigation on Acer rubrum L. growth and anchorage. Arbo- riculture & Urban Forestry 39:173–181. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2010. Root ball shaving im- proves root systems on seven tree species in containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28:13–18. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2015a. Nursery planting depth, mulch application, and root pruning at landscape plant- ing affect tree health and anchorage. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41:75–87. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2015b. Retention time in three nursery container volumes impacts root architecture. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41:146–154. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2015c. Container and land- scape planting depth and root ball shaving affects Magnolia grandiflora root architecture and landscape performance. Arbo- riculture & Urban Forestry 41:260–269. Harris, J.R., and S. Day. 2010. Planting depth at onset of container production and subsequent root ball remediation at transplant- ing of pin oak and linden. HortScience 45:1793–1797. Harris, R.W., W.B. Davis, N.W. Stice, and D. Long. 1971. Root prun- ing improves nursery tree quality. Journal American Society Horticulture Science 96:105–108. Krasowski, M.J. 2003. Root system modifications by nursery culture reflect on post-planting growth and development of coniferous seedlings. Forestry Chronicle 79:882–891. Lindgren, O., and G. Örlander. 1978. A study on root development and stability of 6- to 7-year old container plants. pg. 142–144. In: E. Van Eerden and J.M. Kinghorn (Eds.). Proceedings of the Root Form of Planted Trees Symposium, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 16–19 May 1978. Canadian Forest Service, B.C., Joint Report No. 8. Lindström, A., and G. Rune. 1999. Root deformation in plantations of container-grown Scots pine trees: Effects on root growth, tree stability, and stem straightness. Plant and Soil 217:29–37. Lindström, A., C. Hellqvist, and E. Stattin. 2005. Mini Seedlings— A New Forest Regeneration System. pp. 56–58. In: The Thin Green Line: A symposium on the state-of-the-art in reforesta- tion. Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1235 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 2E5. Marshall, M.D., and E.F. Gilman. 1998. Effects of nursery con- tainer type on root growth and landscape establishment of Acer rubrum L. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16:55–59. Ortega, U., J. Majada, A. Mena-Petite, J. Sanchez-Zabala, N. Rodriguez- Itturrizar, K. Txarterina, J. Azpitarte, and M. Duñabeitia. 2006. Field performance of Pinus radiata D. Don produced in nursery with different types of containers. New Forests 31:97–112. Robert, J.A., and B.S. Lindgren. 2006. Relationships between root form and growth, stability, and growth in planted versus naturally regenerated lodgepole pine in north-central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36:2642–2653. ©2017 International Society of Arboriculture
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