Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(3): May 2020 a growing body of literature that provides informa- tion on tree susceptibility to extreme weather events like ice storms and hurricanes (Staudhammer et al. 2011) and the role urban forests play in mitigating the consequences of climate change and urban stressors. For example, trees can alleviate increased tempera- tures related to the urban heat island effect (Gago et al. 2013) and improve the livability of cities and over- all landscape resilience. In some studies, the phrase ecological integrity is used to describe the role of urban forests in promoting resilience (Alberti 2010); while such a phrase can be quantified, it can hold context -specific meanings (Tierney et al. 2009). Most measures of ecological resilience acknowledge that the ability to respond is driven by intertwined institu- tional and community-level decisions. For example, forest resilience to a pest outbreak or disturbance event could be codependent on ecological factors like regeneration and human factors like a decision to ini- tiate a presalvage harvest. The ecological and social perspectives on how urban forests contribute to overall urban resilience are more often analyzed as distinct concepts. More- over, it is only recently that the contribution of social resilience and the concept of governance have been recognized as critically important to our understand- ing of urban forest resilience (e.g., McMillen et al. 2016). Evidence for how urban forests are (or can be made) resilient and how trees and forests contribute to overall urban resilience are critical to bridge the concept of resilience across social and ecological dis- ciplines. In this paper, we provide a literature review of multidisciplinary approaches to resilience to pro- vide new insights for cities wishing to incorporate resilience metrics into planning processes and urban forestry management. MATERIALS AND METHODS Search Strategy Articles were gathered using a combination of snowball and criterion sampling (Patton 2002), begin- ning with the Science Direct, Web of Science, JSTOR, Ingenta, and Google Scholar databases (Table 1) and pulling citations from papers until there were no lon- ger relevant citations to view. We cross-referenced citations from papers initially discovered from a data- base to identify new studies not found via our key- word search. We specifically targeted urban forestry, arboriculture, urban planning, and geography literatures. 187 We directly searched journals not indexed by the above databases (e.g., Cities and the Environment or CATE). We established two criteria for inclusion in our review. The first criterion was that the paper should pertain to (1) urban forests/green spaces AND (2) resilience. The second criterion for inclusion was that the study should either (1) examine the role that urban forests/green spaces play in overall resilience OR (2) examine the role that resilience plays in urban forestry and urban green space management. We searched for potential literature to include also using the terms vulnerability, tolerance, and sustain- ability, as these terms are often used to describe the same concept as resilience. We searched titles, abstracts, and keywords and compared those results to search- ing the whole text, finding that expanding to the whole text did not add relevant papers because these terms had to be central to the paper and thus always appeared in the abstract or keywords. For the purposes of this review, we define urban forests as trees and forest resources in and around urban community ecosystems (Johnston 1996; Konijnendijk et al. 2006). We define green spaces as parks, gardens, and yards (Jorgensen and Gobster 2010; Hunter and Luck 2015). Search Results With the exception of JSTOR, which had a different search structure and thus returned more results, most of the databases returned similar numbers of articles within the different combinations of search terms (Table 1). We used the search list from Science Direct, ensuring that articles found by other databases that were not included in Science Direct were also added to the list. This combined list included 82 potentially relevant articles, accounting for some overlap between search terms. These articles were then assessed with our criterion, resulting in 31 articles for inclusion, 11 articles for background information related to our review topic, and the remainder not used in the review. Of the final 31 coded papers (Appendix Table 1), 18 were found from a database search, 8 were found from a direct search on a journal website, and 5 were pulled from the reference lists of coded papers. Coding Strategy Articles were coded for basic information (e.g., authors, year published), study characteristics (e.g., the- oretical framework, data analysis type), and resilience characteristics (e.g., treatment of resilience)(Appen- dix Table 2). We identified theoretical frameworks by ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2020
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