188 emergent coding and then linking these codes to established theoretical frameworks familiar to the authors or cited in the articles reviewed. We applied Binder et al.’s (2013) broad definition of frameworks as “a set of concepts, values, and practices that consti- tute the way of viewing the specific reality.” We tested our coding strategy with 3 articles and 6 reviewers, with team discussions when disagreement occurred. All articles were then coded by two people inde- pendently, with similar discussions when disagree- ments were found. Finally, two additional coauthors checked coding on a random sample of 5 articles. RESULTS Basic Information The plurality of articles were published in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening (n = 9, 29%) while the following journals had two articles each: Urban Eco- systems, Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, Environ- mental Reviews, Sustainability, and Environmental Science & Policy. There was one article each in a wide variety of journals from Forest Policy & Eco- nomics to Atmosfera. Articles were published from 1998 to 2017, with a sharp increase in 2013 (Figure 1). We found that there was little consensus in this lit- erature on the definition of “urban forest.” Eleven of the studies (36%) did not define urban forest at all. The remaining 20 all had slightly different definitions. Some relied on definitions from the literature, such as Clark et al. (1997), Rowntree (1984), Konijnendijk et al. (2006), Kenney et al. (2011), and Pickett and Huff et al: Resilience in Urban Forestry Grove (2009). Most included urban trees (e.g., Duryea et al. 2007; Barona 2015), others included parks (McPherson and Kotow 2013; Campbell et al. 2016), and others considered the entire ecosystem of trees and parks (Mincey et al. 2013; Davies et al. 2017). Study Characteristics There is wide geographic representation in the 31 articles, with earlier articles studying Western cities in the United States and newer articles spread world- wide (Figure 2). There were several studies in Chicago, Illinois; New York, New York; and in Sacramento, California, as well as one study that examined 15 cities in the United Kingdom. Of our 31 papers, 20 used a theoretical framework (64%), while 11 did not (36%). The most common theoretical framework was a risk and vulnerability assessment approach (20%)(Table 2). The earliest paper published (McPherson 1998) did not have a theoretical framework, but a subsequent paper included in our database (Alberti and Marzluff 2004) put forth a new theoretical framework that explicitly linked urban patterns and ecosystem resilience, which we coded as resilience measurement. Ecosystem services appeared in the literature by 2008 (e.g., Martin 2008), followed by risk and vulnerability assessment (e.g., McPherson and Kotow 2013). About 39% of the studies (n = 12) used a quantita- tive approach to data collection and analysis, while 10 used a literature review, 4 used a mixed methods approach, 3 used qualitative approaches, 1 used a conceptual model, and 1 used secondary data. Of the Table 1. Comparison of database search results listing counts of potentially relevant papers. Database Science Direct JSTOR* Web of Science Google Scholar Ingenta Connect Resilience 30 7 907 20 25 4 4 4 0 0 Vulnerability 45 2 9 22 24 1 14 1 2 0 Tolerance 20 1 7 19 13 2 3 3 0 0 Sustainability 103 18 7 61 54 33 17 10 1 0 Search terms Urban forest Greenspace Urban forest Greenspace Urban forest Greenspace Urban forest Greenspace Urban forest Greenspace *JSTOR: The term “urban forest” was considered as two separate searches. Focused on botany, ecology, horticulture, gardening, environmental, geography, and urban studies related journals only. ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2020
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