Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(3): May 2020 191 Table 3. Resilience perspectives (codes derived from emergent coding process). Resilience of what Ecological component Ecological system Social component Social system Social-ecological system Resilience to what Pulse Press Pulse and press Resilience for whom Actors Organizations Actors and organizations Non-human actors Count 10 8 1 1 8 Count 17 11 2 Count 21 2 4 2 Examples Trees, urban trees, tree species Urban forest, parks People Neighborhood Road tree management system, community gardens Examples Insect outbreak, hurricanes Climate change, development pressure Urbanization and pests/diseases Examples Urban forest managers, urban residents City planning agencies City government and urban residents Trees Table 4. Compilation of measured system components that may indicate resilience as identified in reviewed articles, summa- rized by data collection method and overall resilience perspective. Resilience perspective Ecological Ecological Data collection method Literature review Quantitative System components Relative species abundance (Kendal et al. 2014) Diversity of ecological functions (Estevo et al. 2017) Drought resilience index (Fahey et al. 2013) Drought tolerance (Sjöman et al. 2015) Heat flux characteristics (Rafael et al. 2016) Soil moisture, chlorophyll content of leaves, and carbon fixation capacity (Percival et al. 2006) Species dominance, age structure, pest threat, and potential asset loss (McPherson and Kotow 2013) Vitality (Gillner et al. 2014) Social Social-ecological Qualitative Literature review Place attachment, collective identity, social cohesion, social networks, knowledge exchange, and diversity (McMillen et al. 2016) Ecosystem health and human health (Kattel et al. 2013) Exposure to disturbance, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity (Steenberg et al. 2017) Institutional robustness (Mincey et al. 2013) Species selection, diversity, naturalization, resource access, social awareness, and budget (Ordóñez and Duinker 2014) Social-ecological Mixed methods Resilience facilitating legislation (Jepson and Arakelyan 2017) Public acceptance of resilience-increasing means and measures (Jepson and Arakelyan 2017) Soil and geomorphic conditions, proximity to Lake Michigan, tree species composition, presence or threat of pests and diseases, urban heat island effects, relative ozone pollution, and amount of impervious cover (Brandt et al. 2016) Social-ecological Quantitative Species diversity, age diversity, condition, and suitability (McPherson 1998) Intensity of built environment and density of human settlement (Steenberg et al. 2017) ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2020
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