234 per inhabitant (IVH), which state the efficient use of remote sensing in urban vegetation diagnostics. Some peculiarities about the Earth’s surface may be viewed by means of the interpretation of images, thus establishing dynamic relations regarding landscape use. Applying this technique to the study of vegetation, with the purpose of managing the urban landscape, enables extract- ing metric information parameters about the landscape, such as fragmentation, Shannon diver- sity index, patterns of biophysical attributes, and vegetation polygons (number, total area, size, perimeter, shape, distance to each other), allied to the quantitative information about street trees. The use of geoprocessing techniques enables individuals to carry out the inventory of Campinas street trees through the analysis and the processing of images. Therefore, new methods of evaluation that use satellite images and freely available tools, like the Google Street View™ mapping service, which can be fast and low-cost instruments for performing the quantitative inventory, are interesting advancements. This study aims to survey the number of single street trees in the urban forest of Campinas, evaluate the spatial distribution of street trees in the urban perim- eter, and relate this data to the population density. MATERIAL AND METHODS Campinas is part of the third-most important met- ropolitan region in Brazil, has an area of 794.43 km2 and an urban area of 386.02 km2 (Figure 1), and has a population of 1,080,113 inhabitants (IBGE 2010a). The process of urbanization, influenced by the intense immigration over the last decades, trans- formed its regional space. This phenomenon has generated a new urban spatiality, resetting the areas that compose the city’s territorialities. This period was marked by the growth of the cities, transform- ing the space; inevitably, at the same time, a ‘sub- urbanization’ of the low-income population took place, with the creation of economical-populational growth axes of distinct population characteristics. Among all the metropolitan regions in Brazil, Campinas stands out as an immigration pole in the State of São Paulo. With this trend of spatial redistri- bution, the region has been outlining new features and specificities of the metropolitan area. Since the 1970s, Campinas has gone through a process of evolution that explains the current demographic ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture Alvarez et al.: Street Tree Inventory of Campinas, Brazil configuration and reveals the regional dynamics in the urban process. There is a trend toward a con- tinuance in this immigration flow, which privileges the absorption of skilled labor (Baeninger 2005). This study focused on urban street trees, which include sidewalks, street flowerbeds, and round- abouts, which are managed by the city council, thus excluding those located in private condominiums. Parks, squares, woods, conservation areas, and trees located on private lands were not computed in the inventory. The basic unit studied for obtain- ing data from the image and for validation was the block. For comparison, the data were organized by neighborhood, the basic territorial unit defined by the city hall. The urban forest was classified into three categories: tree, shrub, and palm tree. The counting was performed by means of visual classification of a WorldView-2 ortho- rectified, R (band 1), G (band 2), B (band 3) image taken on 11 June 2011, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m (Project ‘PATRIMÔNIO CULTURAL RURAL PAULISTA: espaço privi- legiado para pesquisa, educação e turismo’, sponsored by FAPESP’s grant no. 2007/55999- 1). Google Street View mapping services were used to verify the inventoried spot in cases of doubt and of difficulties to identify the pres- ence of shrubs or small trees using the satellite image. When shadows on the images prevented the visualization of the trees, researchers veri- fied the spot using Google Street View to solve the problem (Figure 2). No overlay occurred. Researchers correlated the surveyed data with a digital city plan provided by the city hall. In order to verify if the blocks, street flower- beds and roundabouts were accurately posi- tioned, the authors compared the plan drawn with images. In case of doubt about the map and the images, the team went on field surveys. Aſter this procedure, the digital plan was corrected. The total number of blocks found in the urban area was 11,803, according to the digital city plan and excluding private condominiums. All individ- ual street trees were counted, including mid-sized to large-sized trees, shrubs, palm trees, and seedlings. The authors chose the quantitative, computerized census inventory, and the data was validated in the field using the stratified sampling technique. The term ‘census’ is typically used for field surveys in
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