32 Doccola: Stem-Injected Hemlock Against Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the GRSM metabolites in foliage of eastern hemlock multiple years fol- lowing treatment for hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in forested conditions. Journal of Economic Entomology. 108(6):2672-2682. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/jee/tov241 Coots C, Lambdin P, Grant J, Rhea R. 2013. Spatial and temporal distribution of residues of imidacloprid and its insecticidal 5-hydroxy and olefin and metabolites in eastern hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae) in the southern Appalachians. Journal of Economic Entomology. 106(6):2399-2406. https://doi.org/ 10.1603/EC13142 Costa SD, Skinner M, Parker BL. 2004. HWA cold-hardiness: Towards defining limits of range expansion [MS thesis]. Burlington (VT, USA): Entomology Research Laboratory, Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont. Cowles RS. 2009. 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Crop Protection. 28:655-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.03.012 Scholz K, Reinhard F. 1999. Photolysis of imidacloprid (NTN 33893) on the leaf surface of tomato plants. Pest Management Science. 55(6): 652-654. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI) 1096-9063(199906)55:6<652::AID-PS997>3.0.CO;2-I Schomaker ME, Zarnoch SJ, Bechtold WA, Latelle DJ, Burkman WG, Cox SM. 2007. Crown-condition classification: A guide to data collection and analysis. USDA FS SRS. General Technical Report SRS-102. 92 p. Hollingworth RM. 2009. Distribution of trunk-injected 14 Shigo AL. 1991. Modern arboriculture: A systems approach to the care of trees and their associates. Snohomish (WA, USA): Shigo and Trees, Associates, LLC. 423 p. Turcotte RM, Lagalante A, Jones J, Cook F, Elliott T, Billings AA, Park Y-L. 2017. Spatial and temporal distribution of imida- cloprid within the crown of eastern hemlock. Journal of Insect Science. 22:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iew120 von Arx G, Arzac A, Olano JM, Fonti P. 2015. Assessing conifer ray parenchyma for ecological studies: Pitfalls and guidelines. Frontiers in Plant Science. 6:1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpls.2015.01016 Webb R, Frank J, Raupp M. 2003. Eastern hemlock recovery from hemlock woolly adelgid following imidacloprid therapy. Journal of Arboriculture. 29:298-302. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank Robert Jesse Webster and Troy Evans, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, for providing trees for study, for installation of treatments, and for providing branch samples for the evaluations. Further, the author thanks Stephen Wyka and Douglas McPherson, Arborjet, Inc., for annual HWA density counts and stem-growth measurements. Thanks too to Cavell Brownie, professor emeritus, NCSU, Raleigh, for providing guidance on the statistical analyses; and to Dr. Ploy Kurdmong- koltham for her comments and edits. Joseph J. Doccola (corresponding author) Director of Research & Development Arborjet, Inc. Woburn, MA, USA
[email protected] ©2021 International Society of Arboriculture
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