Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is a refereed, international journal that publishes high-quality research results on scientific and cultural aspects of the selection, establishment, culture, and maintenance of individual trees, as well as on the structure, function, and management of forests in and around human settlements. The journal welcomes reports of original research, reviews, and analyses that advance the professions of arboriculture and urban forestry. Subjects appropriate for submission include: tree biology, entomology, pathology, horticulture, biomechanics, risk management, soil science, urban forest benefits and management, and utility forestry. To be considered for publication, manuscripts must make a significant con- tribution to the advancement of knowledge and practice of arboriculture and urban forestry and have broad applicability and interest to an international audience. Contributions will be considered in the following categories: (1) Original Research: Original fundamental or applied research that contributes to the scientific foundations supporting the disciplines of arboriculture and urban forestry; (2) Reviews: Literature reviews or syntheses of previous work to identify trends, designate areas for new work, and/or compare competing theories; (3) Empirical Analyses: Appropriate for analysis of procedures, equip- ment, or management systems that will lead to the improvement of best management practices; (4) Features: History and current status of topics of interest to prac- ticing arborists and urban foresters, with emphasis on application of research to practice; (5) Short Communications: Appropriate for original research investiga- tions that report preliminary or novel results on limited data sets. They are subject to the same review policies as research articles; (6) Commentaries: These short opinion pieces are evaluated for con- tent by the Editors and may be sent to outside reviewers. Submit directly to the Editor-in-Chief (
[email protected]); (7) Letters: Letters should directly address ideas or facts presented in the Journal and should be submitted directly to the Editor-in-Chief. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published to provide science-based infor- mation that promotes and encourages interchange of ideas among scientists, educators, and professionals working in arboriculture, urban forestry, and related disciplines. Contributions from both ISA members and nonmembers are welcome from all disciplines. Statement of Ownership Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published six times a year (bimonthly) by the International Society of Arboriculture, a nonprofit professional association, as a service to its membership. International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published by the International Society of Arboriculture, a worldwide professional organization dedicated to fos- tering a greater appreciation for trees and to promoting research, technol- ogy, and the professional practice of arboriculture and urban forestry. ISA Board of Directors Pedro Mendes Castro, President, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil Paul Johnson, President-Elect, Austin, Texas, U.S. Anne Beard, Vice-President, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S. Russ Carlson, Bear, Delaware, U.S. Jim Flott, Spokane, Washington, U.S. John Gathright, Seto, Aichi, Japan Dana Karcher, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S. Skip Kincaid, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. Cecil Konijnendijk, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Gordon Mann, Auburn, California, U.S. Gail Nozal, South Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. Scott Prophett, Loganville, Georgia, U.S. Nicolaas Verloop, Harmelen, The Netherlands Chris Walsh, Christchurch, New Zealand Tom Wolf, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Associate Editors L.R. Costello, University of California (Emeritus), San Francisco, California, U.S. William Elmendorf, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S. Francesco Ferrini, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy Daniel Herms, The Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent, Ohio, U.S. C.Y. Jim, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Daniel Marion, State University of New York–Finger Lakes, Canandaigua, New York, U.S. Peter May, University of Melbourne, May Horticultural Services, Melbourne, Australia Justin Morgenroth, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Zhu Ning, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. Bryant Scharenbroch, Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, U.S. Alexia Stokes, INRA, Montpellier, France Maria-Luisa Tello, Madrid Institute of Agricultural Research, Madrid, Spain Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Staff ISA Executive Director, Caitlyn Pollihan, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Editor-in-Chief, Jason C. Grabosky, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S. ® ISSN 1935-5297 (print) ISSN 2155-0778 (online) © 2019, International Society of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. Copyright. Submission of a manuscript implies the work has not been previously published in a refereed journal and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should be substantially different from previously published conference proceedings, industry-oriented publications, and locally published progress or exten- sion reports. All articles published in this journal are protected by copyright, which covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, as well as all trans- lation rights. No material published in this journal may be reproduced without first obtaining written permission from the International Society of Arboriculture. Authors of articles published in this journal retain all rights to reproduce their work for internal or academic purposes as needed. ® Editor, Lindsey E. Mitchell, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Editorial and Publishing Manager, Stephanie Ebersohl, Austin, Texas, U.S. Layout, Amy K. Reiss, Curlew, Washington, U.S. CEU quiz, Richard Rathjens, The Davey Tree Institute, Kent, Ohio, U.S. This journal is printed by Premier Print Group (PPG), in Champaign, Illinois, U.S., a strong proponent of eco-friendly practices and environmental stewardship. Working with employees and clients to find and apply efficient and sustainable resources is always a priority for PPG. ISA appreciates PPG’s efforts to significantly reduce its impact on the environment, including: printing with vegetable-based inks, using alcohol-free press solutions, purchasing and using products with the low- est possible levels of volatile organic compounds, and recycling 100% of their waste paper, aluminum plates, and wrapping materials. www.thepremierprintgroup.com Cover Art: Snowy Tree, Le Praz Photo by Ruth Hartnup; https://www.flickr.com/photos/ruthanddave
