Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(1): January 2019 trees/ha/yr, and white cedar, which was frequently planted along fence lines, represented 43% of all new trees planted. Diameter growth rates slowed with 17 increases to tree size; the condition of measured trees also consistently worsened with greater tree size (Table 2). However, the lower diameter growth rate Table 3. Bivariate analysis of the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity indicators with tree mortality, condition, and growth rate, showing test statistic values and significance levels. Independent variable Exposure Built environment Population density (persons/km2 Built area intensity (%) Land use (categorical) Site type (categorical) Site size (m2 ) Type of nearest building (categorical) Height of nearest building (storeys) Distance to nearest building (m) Distance to street (m) Width of sidewalk (m) Width of street (m) Impervious cover (%) Light availability (ordinal rank; 0-5) Conflicts Conflict of overhead utilities (0/1) Conflict with sidewalk (0/1) Conflict with buildings (0/1) Conflict with building foundation (0/1) Conflict with other infrastructure (0/1) Social stressors Poor management (0/1) Vandalism (0/1) Sensitivity Species (categorical) DBH (cm) Tree condition index (Neighbourwoods) In-grown tree (0/1) Adaptive capacity Social adaptive capacity Median family income ($) Average dwelling value ($) Homeownership (%) Population with a university degree (individuals/10,000 people) Signs of stewardship (0/1) Environmental adaptive capacity Open green space (%) Existing canopy cover (%) z Mann-Whitney U test. y Spearman’s Rho. x Pearson’s chi-squared (χ2 w Kruskal-Wallis rank test. ) test. Notes: single asterisk (*) indicates significant at the α = 0.05 level; double asterisk (**) indicates significant at the α = 0.01 level; and triple asterisk (***) indicates significant at the α = 0.001 level. ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture 67.69x, 95.76x, 32.22x, *** *** 40,988z *** 95.77w, 0.25y, *** *** N/A 5,175z 164.32w, *** -0.21y, 0.04y *** 5,670z N/A N/A 30,348z, 18,189z, *** *** 36,580z 21,593z ) 33.89x, 42,919z 42,112z *** 9.78x 16.487x, 40,486z * 39,449z, 43,545z * 44,949z 44,826z 43,203z 41,420z 7.52w 142.98x, 59.45x, 6.11x, 6.24x, 5.45x, *** * *** * * -0.15y, 23.99w, *** 17.69w, 0.02y *** * 0.01y 13.52w 0.08y, 0.14y, -0.16y, 0.22y, 0.11y, 0.10y, * *** *** ** ** *** 0.03y 14,756z, 44,628z, 49,752z * ** 9,381z 47,964z -0.12y, 25.20w, 24.55w, 0.14y, 20.71w, 0.16y, -0.01y ** *** ** *** ** -0.04y 0.06y *** -0.07y -0.04y -0.06y 0.02y 39,982z, 46,913z 18,497z *** 44,596z, 8,456z * Mortality Condition Growth 44,798z 43,134z 43,693z 43,985z N/A 40,491z 40,833z -0.09y 0.09y -0.03y * 0.05y * 35,058z -0.08y, * -0.01y -0.03y 0.03y -0.03y -0.03y 32,406z, 0.11y, * ** 0.01y
January 2019
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