24 Steenberg et al: A Social-Ecological Analysis of Urban Tree Vulnerability Nowak, D.J., R.A. Rowntree, E.G. McPherson, S.M. Sisinni, E.R. Kerkmann, and J.C. Stevens. 1996. Measuring and ana- lyzing urban tree cover. Landscape and Urban Planning 36:49–57. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2012. Ontario’s forest regions: Deciduous forest. Accessed 21 March 2017 Ordóñez, C., and P.N. Duinker. 2013. An analysis of urban forest management plans in Canada: Implications for urban forest management. Landscape and Urban Planning 116:36–47. Randrup, T.B., E.G. McPherson, and L.R. Costello. 2001. A review of tree root conflicts with sidewalks, curbs, and roads. Urban Ecosystems 5:209–225. Roman, L.A., E.G. McPherson, B.C. Sharenbroch, and J. Bartens. 2013. Identifying common practices and challenges for local urban tree monitoring programs across the United States. Arbo- riculture & Urban Forestry 39:292–299. Roman, L.A., and F.N. Scatena. 2011. Street tree survival rates: Meta analysis of previous studies and application to a field sur- vey in Philadelphia, PA, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 10:269–274. Schwarz, K., M. Fragkias, C.G. Boone, W. Zhou, M. McHale, J.M. Grove, and J. O’Neil-Dunne et al. 2015. Trees grow on money: Urban tree canopy cover and environmental justice. PloS ONE 10: e0122051. Shakeel, T., and T.M. Conway. 2014. Individual households and their trees: Fine-scale characteristics shaping urban forests. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13:136–144. Statistics Canada. 2012. Toronto, Ontario. Census profile (Cata- logue No. 98-316-XWE). Accessed 21 March 2017 Staudhammer, C.L., and V.M. LeMay. 2001. Introduction and evaluation of possible indices of stand structural diversity. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31:1105–1115. Steenberg, J.W.N., A.A. Millward, P.N. Duinker, D.J. Nowak, and P.J. Robinson. 2015. Neighborhood-scale urban forest ecosystem classification. Journal of Environmental Manage- ment 163:134–145. Steenberg, J.W.N., A.A. Millward, D.J. Nowak, and P.J. Robin- son. 2017a. A conceptual framework of urban forest ecosys- tem vulnerability. Environmental Reviews 25:115–126. Steenberg, J.W.N., A.A. Millward, D.J. Nowak, P.J. Robinson, and A. Ellis. 2017b. Forecasting urban forest ecosystem struc- ture, function, and vulnerability. Environmental Management 59:373–392. Steenberg, J.W.N., P.J. Robinson, and P.N. Duinker. 2018. A spatio temporal analysis of the relationship between housing renovation, socioeconomic status, and urban forest ecosys- tems. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. In press. Tidball, K.G., and M.E. Krasny. 2007. From risk to resilience: What role for community greening and civic ecology in cities. In: A.E.J. Wals (Ed.). Social learning towards a sustainable world: Principles, perspectives, and praxis. Wageningen Aca- demic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Trowbridge, P.J., and N.L. Bassuk. 2004. Trees in the Urban Landscape. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S. 232 pp. Troy, A.R., J.M. Grove, J.P. O’Neil-Dunne, S.T. Pickett, and M.L. Cadenasso. 2007. Predicting opportunities for greening ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture and patterns of vegetation on private urban lands. Environ- mental Management 40:394–412. Turner, B.L., R.E. Kasperson, P.A. Matson, J.J. McCarthy, R.W. Corell, L. Christensen, and N. Eckley et al. 2003. A frame- work for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Pro- ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:8074–8079. Vander Vecht, J., and T.M. Conway. 2015. Comparing species composition and planting trends: Exploring pest vulnerability in Toronto’s urban forest. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41:26–40. Westphal, L.M. 1993. Why trees? Urban forestry volunteer val- ues and motivations. In: P.H. Gobster (Ed.). Managing urban and high use recreation settings. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S. James W. N. Steenberg (corresponding author) Environmental Applied Science and Management Ryerson University and School for Resource and Environmental Studies Dalhousie University 6100 University Avenue Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada phone: 902-494-3632 email: james.steenberg@dal.ca Andrew A. Millward Urban Forest Research & Ecological Disturbance (UFRED) Group Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada phone: 416-979-5000 x5087 email: millward@geography.ryerson.ca David J. Nowak Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service 5 Moon Library, SUNY-ESF Syracuse, New York, 13210, U.S. phone: 315-448-3212 email: dnowak@fs.fed.us Pamela J. Robinson School of Urban and Regional Planning Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada phone: 416-979-5165 email: pamela.robinson@ryerson.ca Sandy M. Smith Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto 33 Willcocks St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B3, Canada phone: 416-978-5480 email: s.smith.a@utoronto.ca
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