Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(1): January 2019 Smiley, E.T., N. Matheny, and S. Lilly. 2011. Best Management Practices: Tree Risk Assessment. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. 86 pp. Spangler, M.B. 1984. Policy issues related to worst case risk anal- ysis and the establishment of acceptable standards of de mini- mis risk. pp. 1–26. In: V.T. Covello, L.B. Lave, A. Moghissi, and V.R.R. Uppuluri (Eds.). Uncertainty in Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Decision Making. Plenum Press, New York City, New York, U.S. Sreetheran, M., M. Adnan, and A.K. Khairil Azuar. 2011. Street tree inventory and tree risk assessment of selected major roads in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(5):226. Stewart, M.G., D. O’Callaghan, and M. Hartley. 2013. Review of QTRA and risk-based cost-benefit assessment of tree man- agement. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39(4):165–172. Talbot, J.F., and R. Kaplan. 1984. Needs and fears: the response to trees and nature in the inner city. Journal of Arboriculture 10(8): 222–228. Terho, M., and A. Hallaksela. 2005. Potential hazard characteris- tics of Tilia, Betula, and Acer trees removed in the Helsinki city area during 2001–2003. Urban Forestry & Urban Green- ing 3:113–120. Terho, M. 2009. An assessment of decay among urban Tilia, Bet- ula, and Acer trees felled as hazardous. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 8:77–85. Tyrväinen, L., S. Pauleit, K. Seeland, and S.D. Vries. 2005. Ben- efits and uses of urban forests and trees. pp. 81–114. In: C. Konijnendijk, K. Nilsson, T. Randrup, and J. Schipperijn (Eds.). Urban Forests and Trees in Europe: A Reference Book. Springer Verlag. van Wassenaer, P.V., and M. Richardson. 2009. A review of tree risk assessment using minimally invasive technologies and two case studies. Arboriculture Journal 32:275–292. Vogt, J.M., R.J. Hauer, and B.C. Fischer. 2015. The costs of main- taining and mot maintaining the urban forest: A Review of the urban forestry and arboriculture literature. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(6):293–323. Wagener, W.W. 1963 Judging hazard from native trees in Califor- nia recreational areas: a guide for professional foresters, Berkeley, C.A.: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest For- est and Range Experiment Station 1–29. Wang, X., and B.R. Allison. 2008. Decay detection in red oak trees using a combination of visual inspection, acoustic test- ing, and resistance microdrilling. Arboriculture & Urban For- estry 34(1):1–4. Wessolly, L. 1995. Fracture diagnosis of trees—Part 1: Statics– integrated methods—Measurement with tension test. Stadt Grün 6:416–422. Wyman, M., F. Escobedo, T. Stein, M. Orfanedes, and R. Northrop. 2012. Community leader perceptions and attitudes toward coastal urban forests and hurricanes in Florida. South- ern Journal of Applied Forestry 36(3):152–158. Zhang, Y., A. Hussain, J. Deng, and L. Letson. 2007. Public atti- tudes toward urban trees and supporting urban tree programs. Environment and Behavior 39(6):797–814. Zheng, B., Y. Zhang, and J. Chen. 2011. Preference to home land- scape: Wildness or neatness? Landscape and Urban Planning 99:1–8. Ryan W. Klein Department of Environmental Horticulture CLCE, IFAS, University of Florida 100A Mehrhof Hall Gainesville, Florida 32611, U.S.
[email protected] Andrew K. Koeser (corresponding author) Department of Environmental Horticulture CLCE, IFAS, University of Florida – Gulf Coast Research and Education Center 14625 County Road 672 Wimauma, Florida 33598, U.S. Richard J. Hauer College of Natural Resources University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point 800 Reserve Street Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, U.S. Gail Hansen Department of Environmental Horticulture CLCE, IFAS, University of Florida Building 550, Room 101 Gainesville, Florida 32611, U.S. Francisco J. Escobedo Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Biology Program Universidad del Rosario Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia Résumé. À proximité d’une cible, la défaillance d’un arbre a le potentiel d’occasionner des dommages à la propriété, de per- turber les services ou de menacer la sécurité publique. À travers le monde, plusieurs méthodes qualitatives ont été développées afin de produire une approche systématique pour l’évaluation des risques posés par les arbres et leur gestion. La cohérence et la justesse de ces méthodes, les valeurs inhérentes à l’arbre con- cerné et à ses cibles potentielles, ainsi que la perception des ris- ques et le niveau d’acceptation de l’évaluateur et du propriétaire de l’arbre influencent la manière dont le risque est géré. Cette re- vue de littérature explore le concept de risque, examine et met en opposition les méthodes d’évaluation de risques des arbres les plus couramment référencées et résume les recherches sur les per- ceptions du public sur les arbres et les risques posés par les arbres et les espaces verts dans les environnements bâtis. Ce bilan iden- tifie les points généraux récapitulatifs et les lacunes dans la littéra- ture disponible en vue d’orienter les recherches futures. Zusammenfassung. In der Gegenwart eines Zieles hat das Versagen von Bäumen das Potential Eigentum zu zerstören, Dienste zu unterbrechen oder die Verkehrssicherheit zu beein- trächtigen. Weltweit wurden verschiedene qualitative Methoden entwickelt, um einen systematischen Ansatz für Baumrisikobew- ertung und Management zu liefern. Die Konsistenz und Akkures- se dieser Methoden, die auf den in Frage stehenden Baum platzierten Werte, ihrer potentialen Zielsetzungen und Risikow- ahrnehmungen, der Grad der Akzeptanz durch den Evaluator und Baumbesitzer, all das beeinflusst die Risikobewertung. Dieser Über- blick erforscht das Konzept von Risikobewertung, untersucht und ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture 37
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