Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38(3): May 2012 removal and replacement costs of about $59,000 and prevent a decline in value of the elm resource of approximately $600,000. Against these savings must be set the costs associated with the damage caused to gardens and boulevards by operation of heavy equipment on unfrozen ground, and those of operating an intensive rapid removal program during the season when urban foresters are involved in many other activities. In the small com- munities in which the current study was performed, the rapid re- moval program was feasible because the number of trees to be removed was not large. However, in a city the size of Winnipeg, in which 4,000 to 6,000 infected trees need to be removed annu- ally, there are insufficient resources to be able to remove all of them in a rapid removal program (D. Domke, pers. comm.). The researchers conclude that wherever possible, under the conditions of prairie Canada, rapid removal should be incorporated into in- tegrated disease management programs for Dutch elm disease. Acknowledgments. M. Barwinsky, City Forester, City of Winnipeg, provided estimates of tree values and of costs of replacement trees. We thank L. Lenz for assistance with tree identification, D. Domke for input on management practices, B. Rogala and S. Ibarra (University of Mani- toba), and R. Eagle, D. Park, L. Christianson, D. Titterson, and S. Feuer (Manitoba Conservation) for technical assistance, and M. Barwinsky and I. Pines for reviewing an earlier version of the manuscript. Finan- cial assistance was provided by the Sustainable Development Initiative (Province of Manitoba), Manitoba Conservation, the City of Winnipeg, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and seventeen Manitoba Municipalities. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, P.L. 1996. Overwintering behaviour of the native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in Manitoba. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 109 pp. Anderson, P.L., and N.J. Holliday. 2003. Distribution of overwintering Hylurgopinus rufipes in trunks of American elm trees. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 5:137–144. Barger, J.H. 1977. Improved Sanitation Practice for Control of Dutch Elm Disease. Forest Service research paper NE-386 of the Northeast- ern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Broomall, Pennsylvania, U.S. 4 pp. Brasier, C.M. 2000. Intercontinental spread and continuing evolution of the Dutch elm disease pathogens, pp. 61–72. In: C.P. Dunn (Ed.). The Elms: Breeding, Conservation, and Disease Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Bright, D.E. 1976. The Bark Beetles of Canada and Alaska Coleoptera: Scolytidae. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 2, Publication 1572, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 241 pp. Buth, J.L., and R.A. Ellis. 1981. Trapping elm bark beetles in the City of Winnipeg, with a new record for Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Manitoba. The Canadian Entomologist 113:263–264. Cannon, W.N., J.H. Barger, and D.P. Worley. 1977. Dutch Elm Disease Control: Intensive Sanitation and Survey Economics. Forest Ser- vice research paper NE-387 of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Upper Darby, PA. 10 pp. Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers 1992. Guide for Plant Appraisal. 8th edition. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, Illinois, U.S. 103 pp. Domke, D.A. 2005. 30 years of Dutch elm disease in Winnipeg. Urban Forester, Summer 2005:3. 103 Finnegan, R.J. 1957. Elm bark beetles in southwestern Ontario. The Ca- nadian Entomologist 89:275–280. Hildahl, V. 1977. Recognition and control of Dutch elm disease in the Prairie Provinces. Blue Jay 35:67–73. Hildahl, V., and H.R. Wong. 1965. Distribution of the native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), in Manitoba and Saskatch- ewan. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Manitoba 21: 36–38. Hintz, W.E., R.S. Jeng, D.Q. Yang, M.M. Hubbes, and P.A. Horgen. 1993. A genetic survey of the pathogenic fungus Ophiostoma ulmi across a Dutch elm disease front in western Canada. Genome 36:418–426. Jeffrey, C.A. 1982. Manitoba Dutch elm disease program development, pp. 121–128. In: E.S. Kondo, Y. Hiratsuka, and W.B.G. Denyer (Eds.). Proc. of Dutch elm disease symposium and workshop, October 5–9, 1981, Winnipeg, MB. Manitoba Natural Resources, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Jin, H., G.R.B. Webster, N.J. Holliday, P.A. Pines, and A.R. Westwood. 1996. An elm bark beetle bioassay for residual efficacy of chlorpy- rifos and cypermethrin used for the control of Dutch elm disease in Manitoba. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B 31: 751–761. Kaston, B.J. 1939. The Native Elm Bark Beetle Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff) in Connecticut. Bulletin 420. Connecticut Agricultural Ex- periment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. Landwehr, V., W. Phillipsen and M. Ascerno. 1982. An integrated ap- proach to managing native elm bark beetle populations in Minne- sota, pp. 454–465. In: E.S. Kondo, Y. Hiratsuka, and W.B.G. Denyer (Eds.). Proc. of Dutch elm disease symposium and workshop, Octo- ber 5–9, 1981, Winnipeg, MB. Manitoba Natural Resources, Win- nipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Manitoba Conservation. 2006. Dutch elm disease. Accessed 06/23/2011. Manitoba Natural Resources. 1981. A Municipal Guideline for the Control of Dutch Elm, Disease. Forestry Branch, Manitoba Natural Resources, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. McLean, R.A., W.L. Sanders, and W.W. Stroup. 1991. A unified ap- proach to mixed linear models. The American Statistician 45:54–64. McLeod, G., R. Gries, S.H. von Reuß, J.E. Rahe, R. McIntosh, W.A. König, and G. Gries. 2005. The pathogen causing Dutch elm disease makes host trees attract insect vectors. Proceedings of the Royal So- ciety B 272:2499–2503. Miller, H.C., S.B. Silverborg, and R.J. Campana. 1969. Dutch elm dis- ease: relation of spread and intensification to control by sanitation in Syracuse, New York. Plant Disease Reporter 53:551–555. Oghiakhe, S., and N.J. Holliday. 2009. Management of the Dutch elm disease vector Hylurgopi nus rufipes in Manitoba through rapid re- moval of newly-symptomatic elm trees. Proceedings of the Entomo- logical Society of Manitoba 64 (2008):10. Oghiakhe, S., and N.J. Holliday. 2011. Evaluation of insecticides for con- trol of overwintering Hylurgopinus rufipes (Coleoptera: Curculioni- dae). Journal of Economic Entomology 104:889–894. Robbie-Draward, A. 1995. Elm Bark Beetle Small Sample Exploratory Survey. City of Winnipeg internal report. 6 pp. Scoggan, H.J. 1957. Flora of Manitoba. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 140. Canada Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Strobel, G.A., and G.N. Lanier. 1981. Dutch elm disease. Scientific American 245:56–66. Systat 2009. Systat 13 Statistics II. Systat Software Inc., Chicago, Il- linois, U.S. 502 pp. ©2012 International Society of Arboriculture
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