178 Patterson et al.: Effects of Photographic Distance on Tree Crown Attributes between its crown computations and ecologically relevant mea- sures such as the biomass and surface area of leaves and branches. Acknowledgments. The authors wish to acknowledge the support and cooperation of the U.S. Forest Service Southern Research Station in developing and testing the UrbanCrowns software system. The authors also thank the manuscript reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions. LITERATURE CITED Baldwin, V.C., Jr., and K.D. Peterson. 1997. Predicting the crown shape of loblolly pine trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27(1):102–107. Bignami, C., and F. Rossini. 1996. Image analysis estimation of leaf area index and plant size of young hazelnut plants. Journal of Horticultural Science 71(1):113–121. Brown, J.K. 1978. Weight and density of crowns of Rocky Mountain conifers. In USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-197. Ogden, Utah. Brown, P.L., D. Doley, and R.J. Keenan. 2000. Estimating tree crown di- mensions using digital analysis of vertical photographs. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 100(2–3):199–212. Buccolieri, R., C. Gromke, S. di Sabatino, and B. Ruck. 2009. Aerody- namic effects of trees on pollutant concentration in street canyons. Science of the Total Environment 407(19):5247–5256. Bühler, O., P. Kristoffersen, and S.U. Larsen. 2007. Growth of street trees in Copenhagen with emphasis on the effect of different establishment concepts. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(5):330–337. Bussotti, F., M. Ferretti, A. Cozzi, P. Grossoni, A. Bottacci, and C. Tani. 1995. Crown status of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) trees as related to phenology and environmental stress. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 85(3):1269–1274. Cluzeau, C., J.L. Dupouey, and B. Courbaud. 1995. Polyhedral represen- tation of crown shape. A geometric tool for growth modelling. Annals of Forest Science 52(4):297–306. Donat, J., and B. Ruck. 1999. Simulated ground deposition of fine air- borne particles in an array of idealized tree crowns. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 93(3):469–492. Ghosh, S., J.L. Innes, and C. Hoffmann. 1995. Observer variation as a source of error in assessments of crown condition through time. For- est Science 41(2):235–254. Innes, J.L. 1988. Forest health surveys: problems in assessing observer objectivity. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18(5):560–565. Karlik, J.F., and A.M. Winer. 1999. Comparison of calculated and measured leaf masses of urban trees. Ecological Applications 9(4):1168–1176. Kjelgren, R. 1995. Variable urban irradiance and shade acclimation in Norway maple street trees. Journal of Arboriculture 21(3):145–149. Lee, S., N. Clark, and P. Araman. 2003. Automated methods of tree boundary extraction and foliage transparency estimation from digi- tal imagery. In: Proceedings of the 19th biennial workshop on color photography & videography in resource assessment. Bethesda, MD: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 12 pp. Lindsey, P.A., and N.L. Bassuk. 1992. A nondestructive image analy- sis technique for estimating whole-tree leaf area. HortTechnology 2(1):66–72. Mallette, J.R. 1982. Mensurational characterization of urban trees. Mas- ter’s Thesis, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY. Mawson, J.C., J.W. Thomas, and R.M. DeGraaf. 1976. Program HT- VOL: The Determination of Tree Crown Volume by Layers. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-354. Upper Darby, PA. McPherson, E.G., and R.A. Rowntree. 1988. Geometric solids for simu- lation of tree crowns. Landscape and Urban Planning 15(1–2):79–83. Miller, S.S., and G.W. Lightner. 1987. Computer-assisted determination of apple tree canopy volume. HortScience 22(3):393–395. Nowak, D.J. 1994. Air pollution removal by Chicago’s urban forest. In: E.G. McPherson and D.J. Nowak (Eds.). Chicago’s Urban For- est Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Northeastern Experiment Station, Radnor, Pennsylvania: USDA For- est Service Technical Report NE-186. Nowak, D.J. 1996. Estimating leaf area and leaf biomass of open-grown deciduous urban trees. Forest Science 42(4):504–507. Osawa, A., and N. Kurachi. 1997. A light-weight CCD camera technique for estimating three-dimensional distribution of foliage density in tree crowns. Écoscience 4(2):183–190. Peper, P.J., and E.G. McPherson. 2003. Evaluation of four methods for estimating leaf area of isolated trees. Urban Forestry & Urban Green- ing 2(1):19–29. Phattaralerphong, J., and H. Sinoquet. 2005. A method for 3D recon- struction of tree crown volume from photographs: assessment with 3D-digitized plants. Tree Physiology 25(10):1229–1242. Seiler, J.R., and P.N. McBee. 1992. A rapid technique for the evaluation of mature tree crown growth. Journal of Arboriculture 18(6):325–328. Solberg, S. 1999. Crown density changes of Norway spruce and the influ- ence from increased age on permanent monitoring plots in Norway dur- ing 1988-1997. European Journal of Forest Pathology 29(3):219–230. Solberg, S., and L. Strand. 1999. Crown density assessments, control sur- veys and reproducibility. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 56(1):75–86. Tucker, G.F., J.P. Lassoie, and T.J. Fahey. 1993. Crown architecture of stand-grown sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in the Adiron- dack Mountains. Tree Physiology 13(3):297–310. Wilkinson, D.M. 1994. Tree mensuration using photographs. Arboricul- tural Journal 18(2):187–192. Wilkinson, D.M. 1995. Modelling tree crowns as geometric solids. Arbo- ricultural Journal 19(4):387–393. Winn, M.F., S. Lee, and P.A. Araman. 2007. Urban tree crown health assessment system: a tool for communities and citizen foresters. In: Proceedings Emerging Issues Along Urban-Rural Interfaces II: Link- ing Land-Use Science and Society. pp. 180–183. Wright, H., D. Nichols, and C. Embree. 2006. Evaluating the account- ability of trunk size and canopy volume models for determining apple tree production potential across diverse management regimes. Acta Horticulturae (707):237–243. Xiao, Q., E.G. McPherson, S.L. Ustin, M.E. Grismer, and J.R. Simpson. 2000. Winter rainfall interception by two mature open-grown trees in Davis, California. Hydrological Processes 14(4):763–784. ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture
July 2011
Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
Empty |
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success. You will be contacted by Washington Gas with follow-up information regarding your request.
This process might take longer please wait