214 Miller and Danielson: Relative Susceptibility Among Arborvitae Cultivars to Arborvitae Leafminer premature leaf abscission will not be a major lar- val mortality factor as seen with other univoltine or bivoltine deciduous plant feeding leafminers. In conclusion, it is recognized that this study only looked at susceptibility of arborvitae cul- tivars for ALM and not ovipositional prefer- ence and associated insect-plant relationships. The authors further recognize that observa- tions and conclusions in this study are limited by the small number of available plants per cultivar available for study. Additional labo- ratory and field studies are needed to better examine the role(s) of plant growth habit, plant nutrition, environment, production of defensive chemicals and plant genetics, natural enemies, and female ovipositional searching behavior in ALM population dynamics. Further infor- mation is also needed on the susceptibility of other common plant cultivars, such as ‘Green Giant’, and ovipositional and feeding prefer- ence of other arborvitae leafmining species. Information gathered from these stud- ies will provide even more reliable, accu- rate, and efficient management practices improving ALM pest management. Acknowledgments. The authors wish to sincerely thank Ms. Lisa Nakamoto, Research Intern, The Morton Arboretum, for her help in field sampling and data analysis. A special note of thanks is due to Ms. Brande Overbey, Research Intern, The Morton Arbo- retum, for her patience and invaluable assistance with data entry and manuscript formatting. LITERATURE CITED Adams, N.E. 2015. Using degree days for insect management. University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension. Auerbach, M.J., E.F. Connor, and S. Mopper. 1995. Minor miners and major miner: Population dynamics of leaf-mining insects. pp. 83–110. In: N. Cappuccino and P.W. Price (Eds.). Population Dynamics—New Approaches and Synthesis. Academic Press, New York, New York, U.S. Auerbach, M.J., and D.J. Simberloff. 1989. Oviposition site pref- erence and larval mortality in a leaf-mining moth. Ecological Entomology 14:131–140. Barrett, B.A. 1994. Within-tree distribution of Phyllonorycter blan- cardella (F.) and P. crataegella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracil- lariidae) and associated levels of parasitism in commercial apple orchards. Biological Control 4:74–79. Bastian, R.A. 1988. Influence of temperature, host cultivar, and par- asitism on mimosa webworm biology (doctoral dissertation). Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Bazinet, N.L., and M.K. Sears. 1979. Factors affecting the mortal- ity of leafminers, Argyresthia thuiella and Pulicalvaria thujaella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae and Gelechiidae) on eastern white cedar, in Ontario. Canadian Entomologist 111:1299–1306. Bentz, J. 2003. Shading induced variability in azalea mediates its suitability as a host for the azalea lace bug. Journal of the Ameri- can Society for Horticultural Science 128(4):497–503. Britton, W.E., and M.P. Zappe. 1922. An outbreak of the arborvitae leaf miner, Argyresthia thuiella, Packard. Connecticut Agricul- ture Experiment Station, New Haven. Bulletin 234:157–160. Brown, J.L., S. Vargo, E.F. Connor, and M.S. Nuckols. 1997. Causes of vertical stratification in the density of Cameraria hamadry- adella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Ecological Entomology 22:16–25. Bultman, T.L., and S.H. Faeth. 1988. Abundance and mortality of leafminers on artificially shaded Emory oak. Ecological Ento- mology 13:131–142. Busck, A. 1907. Revision of the American moths of the genus Argyresthia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 32:5–24. Cloyd, R.A. 2001. Arborvitae Leafminer. College of Agriculture Consumer and Environmental Science. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. INHS. Collinge, S.K., and S.M. Louda. 1988. Herbivory by leaf miners in response to experimental shading of a native crucifer. Oecologia 75:559–566. Collinge, S.K., and S.M. Louda. 1989. Scaptomyza nigrita Wheeler (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a leafminer of the native crucifer, Car- damine cordifolia A. Gray (Bittercress). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 62:1–10. Connor, E.F., and M.P. Taverner. 1997. The evolution and adaptive significance of the leaf-mining habit. Oikos 76:6–25. Connor, E.F. 2006. Effects of the light environment on oviposi- tion preference and survival of a leaf-mining moth, Cameraria hamadryadella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on Quercus alba L. Ecological Entomology 31:179–184. Cornelissen, T., and P. Stiling. 2008. Clumped distribution of oak leaf miners between and within plants. Basic and Applied Ecol- ogy 9:67–77. Cornell Extension. 2012. Arborvitae Leafminers. Cornell Univer- sity Extension of Suffolk County. Cranshaw, W. 2004. Garden Insects of North America. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. 656 pp. Davidson, J.A., and M.J. Raupp. 2010. Managing Insects and Mites on Woody Plants: An IPM Approach, second edition. TCIA, Londonberry, New Hampshire, U.S. pp. 26–27, 44. Dirr, M.A. 2009. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identi- fication, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation, and Uses, sixth edition. Stipes Publishing Inc., Champaign, Illinois. pp. 1133–1143. Faeth, S.H. 1991. Novel Aspects of Host Tree Resistance to Leafmin- ers. In: Forest Insect Guilds: Patterns of Interaction with Host Trees. USDA-FS General Technical Report NE-153. Hanson, T., and E.B. Walker. 2015. Arborvitae Leafminer: Field Guide to Common Insect Pests of Urban Trees in the Northeast. Waterbury, VT: Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation. Harris, P. 1958. Life-history and natural control in British Colum- bia of Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeu- tidae), a needle miner on white pine. Canadian Entomologist 90:627–631. ©2017 International Society of Arboriculture
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