252 roseslug, for example, has about six generations per growing season at the latitude of Washington, D.C., with much overlapping due to variation in emergence of overwintering adults and in indi- vidual development, such that all life stages may be present at the same time (Middleton 1922). Bio- logical insecticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, azadirachtin, or spinosad, and older synthetic insecticides, such as carbaryl or malathion, may require weekly applications, and even pyrethroids may require multiple applications to protect plants from such pests. Use of chlorantraniliprole could reduce the number of applications needed to do so. The 2017 federal label for chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn, Syngenta, Greensboro, North Caro- lina, U.S. ) for landscape and turf usage lists a lim- ited range of target pests: leaf-feeding caterpillars (foliage application), lace bugs, aphids, and birch leafminer (soil treatment), and clearwing borers (bark treatment), although a Section 2 (ee) label recommendation extends the list of target pests to include Japanese beetle adults and sawfly larvae (foliar application), and rhododendron lace bug, Japanese beetle adults, magnolia scale (autumn application only), and hemlock woolly adelgid (soil treatment). Labels of formulations (Cora- gen, Altacor; E.I. du Pont de Nemours, Wilm- ington Delaware, U.S.) used on agronomic crops list a wide range of lepidopteran pests, Colorado potato beetle, Japanese beetle adults, and some dipteran (Liriomyza sp.) leafminers as targets for foliar sprays or drip irrigation. Based on chloran- traniliprole’s activity spectrum, it should con- trol a wide range of plant-chewing caterpillars, beetles, and sawfly larvae on woody ornamentals. Researchers suspect it may also be effective against larvae of certain leaf-mining flies; e.g., Phytomyza spp. in columbine. Chlorantraniliprole’s efficacy against bagworms on arborvitae was previously reported (Rhainds and Sadof 2009) but researchers found no other publications in refereed scien- tific journals characterizing its performance as a foliar spray for pests of woody landscape plants. More research is needed to fill those gaps. Although chlorantraniliprole has intrinsic activity against hemipteran RyRs, its relatively low systemicity in plants limits its usefulness against sap-feeding insects (Hamaguchi et al. 2011; Selby et al. 2013; Selby et al. 2016). In trials, it was inef- ©2017 International Society of Arboriculture Redmond and Potter: Acelepryn Control of Horticultural Pests fective as a foliar spray for lace bugs, aphids, or scale crawlers. It also failed to prevent damage from boxwood psyllids, or to reduce infestations of box- wood leafminer (Diptera), when applied as a basal soil drench in trials in which the neonicotinoid standards gave excellent control. Surface drenches with chlorantraniliprole also exhibited little sys- temic activity against adults of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in containerized nursery crops (Reding and Persad 2009; Reding and Ranger 2011). The autumn, basal soil drench application to in-ground roses did suppress damage from both roseslugs and Japanese beetles in the subsequent growing season, although in the latter case, it was not as effective as drenching with imidacloprid. A second anthranilic diamide, cyantranilip- role (Mainspring®GNL, Syngenta, Greensboro, North Carolina, U.S.) is labeled foliar and systemic insect control on ornamental plants, including woody ornamentals in residential and commercial landscapes. It has activity against multiple insect orders, including both sap-feeders (e.g., aphids, adelgids, leafhoppers, psyllids, soſt scales, and whiteflies), leaf-chewing beetles and caterpillars, leafminers, thrips, borers, and certain other pests. It is more water-soluble than chlorantraniliprole, with strong upward root movement from soil applications, and translaminar leaf movement in foliar applications (Dinter et al. 2012; Selby et al. 2013; Selby et al. 2016). Both anthranilic diamides are at least 500-fold less potent against mamma- lian RyRs than against insect RyRs, which trans- lates to very low mammalian toxicity (Selby et al. 2016). However, cyantraniliprole, unlike chloran- traniliprole, is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming plants. Neonicotinoid insecticides have the potential to cause outbreaks of spider mites on woody orna- mentals both by stimulating their fecundity though plant-mediated mechanisms, and by killing the arthropod natural enemies that normally help to keep pest populations in check (Szczepaniec et al. 2011; Szczepaniec and Raupp 2013). Pyrethroids, too, have acute and sublethal effects on predatory and parasitic insects that can in turn provoke sec- ondary pest outbreaks (Theiling and Croſt 1988; Desneux et al. 2007). Although they are not benign to all natural enemies (e.g., lacewings; Amarasek- are and Shearer 2013), neither chlorantranilip-
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