Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 43(6): November 2017 role nor cyantraniliprole has been associated with outbreaks of mites or other secondary pests. Compared to habitat loss and homogeniza- tion, decreased abundance and diversity of floral resources, parasites, pathogens, and other stress factors, the use of insecticides on woody orna- mentals is probably a very minor contributor to urban bee decline. There are several reasons why that is so. Surveys show that most woody orna- mentals in suburban neighborhoods are never infested with sufficient densities of arthropod pests to require intervention (Raupp and Noland 1984; Raupp et al. 1985). Pest infestations on sus- ceptible woody plants oſten go unrecognized and untreated. Many ornamental plants are horticul- turally modified variants having double petals (e.g., many roses), corymbs covered with sterile florets (e.g., Hydrangea macrophylla), or other modifications that affect flower form and func- tion. Such plants tend to produce little or no nectar or pollen and are not attractive to bees (Comba et al. 1999; Corbet et al. 2001; Mach et al. 2017). Woody ornamentals that are both pest-prone and bee-attractive (e.g., Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, Pyracantha) typically bloom for only one to two weeks per year. Many urban shade trees (e.g., oaks, birch, ash) are predominantly wind-pollinated, and although bees may visit them to collect pol- len (Kraemer and Favi 2005; MacIvor et al. 2014), it is usually only during a brief period in spring. Misapplication of broad-spectrum insecticides to blooming woody plants can nevertheless result in localized bee kills (e.g., Xerces Society 2013) and the backlash from such events fuels tighter restric- tions on pesticides and reflects negatively on the whole landscape industry. Landscape professionals who incorporate best management practices for controlling pests without harming pollinators and other beneficial insects will be well-positioned to have a competitive advantage. The most impactful best management practices for urban pollinators is to provide them with more and better food; that is, creating and maintaining healthy landscapes with diverse flowering plants whose successive bloom periods provide sources or nectar and pol- len throughout the growing season. Ideally those plants should be relatively pest-free species and cultivars that rarely if ever require an insecticide application. For those woody ornamentals that do occasionally require 253 treatment, chlorantra- niliprole is an effective option for controlling cat- erpillars, leaf-feeding beetles, sawfly larvae, and certain other pests, with very low hazard to bees. Acknowledgments. The authors thank E.K. Dobbs, D. Hammons, A.J. Kesheimer, S. Marksbury, and S. Vanek for field assistance. Funding was provided in part by Dupont Crop Protection, Syngenta Crop Protection, and USDA-NIFA-SCRI grant 2016-51181-25399. This is paper number 17-08-014 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. LITERATURE CITED Amarasekare, K.G., and P.W. Shearer. 2013. Comparing effects of insecticides on two green lacewings species, Chrysoperla johnsoni and Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 106:1126–1133. Analytical Soſtware. 2008. Statistix Version 9.0; User’s manual. Ana- lytical Soſtware, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S. Baumler, R.E., and D.A. Potter. 2007. Knockdown, residual, and an- tifeedant activity of pyrethroids and home landscape bioinsec- ticides against Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on linden foliage. Journal of Economic Entomology 100:451–458. Besard L., V. Mommaerts, G. Abdu-Allaa, and G. Smagghe. 2011. Lethal and sublethal side effect assessment supports a more be- nign profile of spinetoram compared with spinosad in the bum- blebee Bombus terrestris. Pest Management Science 67:541–554. Blacquiere, T., G. Smagghe, C.A.M. Van Gestel, and V. Mommaerts. 2012. Neonicotinoids in bees: A review on concentrations, side effects, and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 21:973–992. Bonmatin, J.M., C. Giorio, V. Girolami, D. Goulson, D.P. Kreutz- weiser, C. Krupke, M. Liess, E. Long, et al. 2015. Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22:35–67. Brugger, K.E., P.G. Cole, I.C. Newman, N. Parker, B. Scholtz, P. Suvagia, G. Walker, and T.G. Hammond. 2009. Selectivity of chlorantraniliprole to parasitoid wasps. Pest Management Science 66:1075–1081. Comba, L., S.A. Corbet, A. Barron, A. Bird, S. Collinge, N. Mi- yazaki, and M. Powell. 1999. Garden flowers: Insect visits and the floral reward of horticulturally-modified variants. Annals of Botany 83:73–86. Corbet, S.A., J. Bee, K. Dasmahapatra, S. Gale, E. Gorringe, B. La Ferla, T. Moorhouse, et al. 2001. Native or exotic? Double or single? Evaluating plants for pollinator-friendly gardens. Annals of Botany 87:219–232. Cordova, D., E.A. Benner, M.D. Sacher, J.J. Rauh, J.S. Sopa, G.P. Lahm, T.P. Selby, et al. 2006. Anthranilic diamides: A new class of insecticides with a novel mode of action, ryanodine receptor activation. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 84:196–214. Desneux, N., A. Decourtye, and J.M. Delpuech. 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial insects. Annual Review of En- tomology 52:81–106. Dinter, A., A. Samel, N.M. Frost, and F.L. Groya. 2012. Cyantra- niliprole (DPX-HGW86, DuPont™ Cyazpyr™)—A novel DuPont insecticide with selectivity towards beneficial non-target arthro- pods. IOBC WPRS Bulletin 82:9–14. ©2017 International Society of Arboriculture
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