12 and the hot August temperatures, transplanting survival was 100%. The only treatment differences were that transplanted trees the year after transplanting had smaller caliper and shoot increase (relative to the year before transplanting) than untransplanted trees. There are other factors that affect transplant survival and regrowth such as planting depth, mulching, backfill amendments, and site qual- ity; these practices are not discussed in this review. Planting nursery stock planted too deep in the nursery or at the planting site reduces survival and long-term performance in the landscape. However, improper planting depth results from improper nursery production or landscape installation practices. It can be corrected in the nursery by either planting at the proper depth and, if needed, combined with stak- ing to ensure needed mechanical support, or, at harvest, by removing excess soil before the soil ball is formed. At the landscape site, the soil ball can be nondestructively probed to determine the level of the structural roots and planted so that these roots are within 2.5 to 7.5 cm (1 to 3 in) of the soil surface (Watson and Himelick 2005) or if the structural roots are too deep, the nursery stock should be rejected. However, at least in the short term, these practices cost money. Thus, contract specifications should incorporate best management prac- tices and those practices should be enforced by project managers. Mulching helps establishment of transplants where minimal aftercare is provided (Chalker-Scott 2007). Mulching trans- planted trees helps reduce mechanical and soil moisture stresses. No more than 5 cm (2 in) of mulch should be placed over the root system (Watson and Himelick 2005). Backfill amendments are not needed when the native soil is of high quality. In poor- quality soils, amending the planting site is preferred to amending the backfill. There is abundant anecdotal evidence that site qual- ity affects transplant survival and establishment, but soil quality descriptors, design, and construction specifications that imitate native soil profiles remain elusive (Craul 1999). SUMMARY These studies suggest that with careful handling, transplant shock can be greatly reduced, even if plants that are transplanted in full leaf with undersized root balls and during periods of high summer temperatures. Perhaps improper handling during harvest, ship- ping, and at the job site is more responsible for inducing transplant shock than the putative biologic limitations of the plant material. There is ample anecdotal evidence that site quality significantly affects transplant survival and establishment, but remedial soil prescriptions have not been developed. Finally, transplant success and establishment in the landscape is dependent on a chain of events from propagation, to production, to harvest, to shipping, to maintenance on the job site, to transplanting techniques, to after- care. Failure to follow proper practices at any step in this sequence will compromise transplant success and establishment. There is no “silver bullet” that compensates for improper practices. Acknowledgment. I thank the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University. LITERATURE CITED Arnold, M.A., and D.K. Struve. 1989. Green ash establishment following transplant. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114:591–595. Beeson, R.C. 1994. Water relations of field-grown Quercus virgini- ana Mill. from preharvest through containerization and 1 year into a landscape. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119:169–174. ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture Daniel K. Struve Department of Horticulture and Crop Science 2001 Fyffe Court The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.
[email protected] Struve: Tree Establishment Beeson, R.C., and E.F. Gilman. 1992. Water stress and osmotic adjustment during post-digging acclimatization of Quercus virginiana produced in fabric containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19:208–214. Bennie, A.T.P. 1991. Growth and mechanical impedance. In: Waisel, Y., A. Eshel, and U. Kafkafi (Eds.). Plant Roots: The Hidden Half. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. 948 pp. Chalker-Scott, L. 2007. Impact of mulches on landscape plants and the envi- ronment—A review. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25:234–249. Cochard, H., and M. Tyree. 1990. Xylem dysfunction in Quercus : Vessel sizes, tyloses, cavitation and seasonal changes in embolism. Tree Physiology 6:393–407. Craul, P.J. 1999. Urban Soils: Applications and Practices. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Gilman, E.F. 1992. Establishing trees in the landscape, pp. 69–77. In: Neely, D., and G.W. Watson (Eds.). The Landscape Below Ground: Proceeding of an International Conference on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. ———. 1997. Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes . Delmar Publishers, Albany, NY. Johnson, P.S., S.L. Novinger, and W.G. Mares. 1984. Root, shoot and leaf area growth potentials of northern red oak planting stock. Forest Science 30:1017–1026. Larimer, J., and D. Struve. 2002. Growth, dry weight and nitrogen distri- bution of red oak and ‘Autumn Flame’ red maple under different fer- tility levels. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20:28–35. Larson, M.M., 1978. Effects of late-season defoliation and dark peri- ods on initial growth of planted northern red oak seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8:67–72. Larson, M.M., and F.W. Whitmore. 1970. Moisture stress affects root regeneration and early growth of red oak seedlings. Forest Science 16:495–498. Rietveld, W.J. 1989. Transplanting stress in bare root conifer seedlings: Its development and progression to establishment. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 6:99–107. Sammons, J.D., and D.K. Struve. 2004. Effect of Bioplex TM on trans- plant success of non-dormant red oak ( Quercus rubra L.). Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22:197–201. Sammons, J.D., and D.K. Struve. 2005. Effect of Bioplex TM on trans- plant success and recovery of summer-dug Goldenraintree. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23:59–62. Starbuck, C., D.K. Struve, and H. Mathers. 2005. Bareroot and balled- and-burlapped red oak and green ash can be summer transplanted using the Missouri Gravel Bed system. HortTechnology 15:9–14. Stone, E.C., and G.H. Schubert. 1959. Root regeneration by Ponderosa Pine seedlings lifted at different times of the year. Forest Science 5:322–332. Struve, D.K., L. Burchfield, and C. Maupin. 2000. Survival and growth of transplanted large- and small-caliper red oaks. Journal of Arboriculture 26:162–169. Struve, D.K., and R.J. Joly. 1992. Transplanted red oak seedlings medi- ate transplant shock by reducing leaf surface area and altering carbon allocation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22:1441–1448. Watson, G. 1985. Tree size affects root regeneration and top growth after transplanting. Journal of Arboriculture 11:37–40. Watson, G., and E.B. Himelick. 2005. Best Management Practices: Tree Planting. ANSI A300 Part 6: Tree, Shrub and Other Woody Plant Maintenance—Standard Practices (Transplanting). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. Watson, G., and T.D. Sydnor. 1987. The effect of root pruning on the root system of nursery trees. Journal of Arboriculture 13:126–130.
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