Table of Contents Giovanni Nicolotti, Paolo Gonthier, Fabio Guglielmo, and Matteo M. Garbelotto A Biomolecular Method for the Detection of Wood Decay Fungi: A Focus on Tree Stability Assessment .................................................................................................................................... 14 Abstract. The detection and identification of wood-rotting fungi in standing trees is crucial for the prediction of the severity and evolu- tion of decay. In the case of very active root and butt rot fungi, an early identification method is important to establish the more appro- priate failure risk classification. This work is aimed at reviewing the biomolecular methods recently developed to identify, directly from wood, some of the most important and widespread decay fungi. The whole method is based on the use of taxonspecific primers com- bined in five multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Three multiplex PCRs allow identifying Armillaria, Ganoderma, Hericium, Inonotus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Perenniporia fraxinea, Phellinus, Pleurotus, Schizophyllum, Stereum, Trametes, and Ustulina deusta. The two remaining multiplex PCRs were developed for subgeneric identification of fungi belonging to Ganoderma, Inonotus, and Phellinus. In validation assays, multiplex PCRs allowed successfully detecting fungi in 83% of wood samples collected from decay-affected trees. Thus, the methods proved to be efficient and specific for the diagnosis and the early detection of decay fungi on standing trees. Key Words. Identification; Molecular diagnosis; Tree stability; Visual tree assessment (VTA). E. Thomas Smiley, Donald C. Booth, and Liza Wilkinson Sprays Ineffective for Preventing Sapsucker Damage on Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) ............ 20 Abstract. The yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) is the primary cause of sapsucker damage on trees in the eastern United States. Twenty sugar maple (Acer saccharum) trunks were treated with repellent sprays and com- pared with untreated controls. Sprays applied were bitrex, methyl anthraniltate, and thiram. Sapsucker feed- ing damage was quantified weekly. None of the sprays were effective in reducing trunk attack by sapsucker. Key Words. Bitrex; Methyl anthraniltate; Sphyrapicus varius; Thiram; Trunk sprays; Yellow-bellied sapsucker. E. Thomas Smiley, Liza Wilkinson, and Bruce R. Fraedrich Root Growth Near Vertical Root Barriers after Seven Years ............................................................ 23 Abstract. Vertical root barriers are used to redirect root growth to greater depths in the soil, thus reducing damage to the side- walks. This study was conducted to examine root growth patterns near a variety of vertical root barriers. Thirty willow oaks (Quercus phellos) were planted in November 2000 and one of the following treatments was installed on two sides of each tree: Biobarrier, DeepRoot Universal Barrier, DeepRoot Universal Barrier with Spin Out, Tex-R, Typar Geotextile 3801, or a no-barrier con- trol. In March 2007, the second 15-tree block was excavated to reveal the root system outside the barrier. All five root barriers sig- nificantly reduced the amount of root growth compared with the control trees. There were no differences among the products tested. Key Words. Biobarrier; Copper hydroxide; DeepRoot; Geotextile; Infrastructure damage, Sidewalk liſting, Spin Out; Tex-R; Typar. John R. Hartman, Lisa J. Vaillancourt, Jennifer L. Flowers, and Amy M. Bateman Managing Diplodia Tip Blight of Landscape Austrian Pines ........................................................... 27 Abstract. A long-term survey of 449 Austrian pines growing on the University of Kentucky campus revealed that Diplodia tip blight disease killed 84% of the trees during a 15-year period and that the pines developed increasing levels of disease as they aged. Treatments consisting of the fungicides oxycarboxin, debacarb, or tebuconazole or water were injected into the lower trunk and root flare of individual trees in a block of mature, diseased pines for 4 years. The fungicide treatments did not significantly affect disease levels. The causal fungus could be isolated readily from diseased and symptomless shoots regard- less of the treatment. Diplodia pinea was very sensitive to tebuconazole and debacarb in in vitro fungicide tests. Basal drenches with paclobutrazol affected shoot growth but did not significantly reduce tip blight disease levels or tree mortality. Under mid- south United States climate conditions, Diplodia tip blight of Austrian pines is destructive and very difficult Key Words. Diplodia pinea; Fungicide basal drench; Fungicide injection; Pinus nigra; Sphaeropsis sapinea; Sphaeropsis tip blight. to manage. ©2009 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
January 2009
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