Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(1): January 2009 of our experiment, but these differences were not statistically different. Similarly, latent infections in these trees did not appear to decrease in frequency as quickly as in water-treated trees. However, these trends may indicate that latent infections are converting to active infections more slowly in the paclobutra- zol-treated trees. The current study did not provide definitive evidence that paclobutrazol root flare basal treatments will cure pines of tip blight disease or stop disease progress. Implications for Arboriculture Arborists recommending landscape trees will want to be aware that, in some instances, Austrian pines may not be the best choice of tree to plant because of their extreme susceptibility to tip blight disease. Their useful lifetime in the landscape will be less than 25 years in most cases, and after the age of approx- imately 13 years, they are likely to become disfigured from the disease. Management of Diplodia tip blight in already established pines is difficult. Foliar fungicide sprays are diffi- cult to apply to large trees, especially when there are numerous trees to treat, and they are often ineffective. Based on research reported here, current alternative fungicide treatments are not likely to be any more effective. Replication in tree disease man- agement trials is a necessary step for product testing because what may be effective on one or two individual trees may not work on other trees nearby. Arborists should also appreciate the difficulties of conducting replicated experiments on mature trees because not all trees are uniformly infected at the start of the experiment and each tree is growing in a unique habitat. This can lead to more variable results and difficult statistical analysis. Acknowledgments. We thank UK Plant Pathology Department techni- cians Ed Dixon and Etta Nuckles; and summer student interns Myriam Besson, Hugues Chopy, Claudia Cotton, Christelle Drévillon, Natalie Godbert, Valérie Jean, Stephanie Jeandot, Stéfane Kihl, Jean-Bernard Magnin, Fanny Moine, Céline Moser, Florence Nomade, Emmanuelle Paganelli, Sabine Pauly, Bruno Poupard, Maria Schira, and Gilles Vache. We appreciate research support from the Mauget Company, Rainbow Tree Care Scientific Advancements, and the Kentucky Nursery- Landscape Fund. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 2002. CambistatTM Improving the Health of Your Trees. Brochure. Rainbow Treecare Scientific Advancements, Minneapolis, MN. Bachi, P.R., and J.L. Peterson. 1985. Enhancement of Sphaeropsis sapinea stem invasion of pines by water deficits. Plant Disease 69:798–799. Blaedow, R.A., W.R. Chaney, P.C. Pecknold, and H.A. Holt. 2006. Investigation of fungicidal properties of the tree growth regulator pacloutrazol to control apple scab. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 32:67–73. Dirr, M.A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Stipes Publishing, Champaign, IL. 1187 pp. Elliott, M., and R. Edmonds. 2008. Injected treatments for manage- ment of madrone canker. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 34: 110–115. Flowers, J., J. Hartman, and L. Vaillancourt. 2003. Detection of latent Sphaeropsis sapinea infections in Austrian pine tissues using nested-polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology 93: 1471–1477. 31 ———. 2006. Histology of Diplodia pinea in diseased and latently infected Pinus nigra shoots. Forest Pathology 36:447–459. Flowers, J.L., E. Nuckles, J.R. Hartman, and L.J. Vaillancourt. 2001. Latent infection of Austrian and Scots pine tissue by Sphaeropsis sap- inea. Plant Disease 85:1107–1112. Gilman, E.F., and D.G. Watson. 2006. Pinus nigra : Austrian Pine. Publication ENH-627. Environmental Horticulture Depart- ment, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. Hartman, J., G. Mussey, and W. Fountain. 1995. Evaluation of Landscape Austrian Pines for Pine Tip Blight Disease. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Nursery Landscape Program 1994 Research Report. SR-94-1:31. Helton, A.W., and W.J. French. 1962. Toxicity and translocation char- acteristics of six fungicidal compounds in plum and prune trees. Phytopathology 52:1050–1056. Helton, A.W., and A.E. Harvey. 1963. Absorption, toxicity and bioas- say of high-potency fungicides in Prunus domesticus. Phytopathology 53:895–898. Jacobs, K.A., and L.C. Berg. 2000. Inhibition of fungal pathogens of woody plants by the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol. Pest Management Science 56:407–412. Minckler, L.S. 1955. Observations on open-grown, non-native conifers in southern Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 54:460–465. Peterson, G. 1977. Infection, epidemiology, and control of Diplodia blight of Austrian, Ponderosa, and Scots pines. Phytopathology 67:511–514. Sinclair, W.A., and H.H. Lyon. 2005. Diseases and Trees and Shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, and London, UK. 660 pp. Stipes, R.J. 1988. Glitches and gaps in the science and technology of tree injection. Journal of Arboriculture 14:165–172. Tisserat, N. 1993. Sphaeropsis Tip Blight, Dothistroma Needle Blight, and Brown Spot of Pines. Extension Publication L-722. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. 5 pp. ———. 2004. Sphaeropsis Tip Blight Control. Plant Disease Alert, 15 April 2004. Extension Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University. Waterman, A.M. 1943. Diplodia pinea , the cause of a disease of hard pines. Phytopathology 33:1018–1031. John R. Hartman (corresponding author) Extension Professor Emeritus Department of Plant Pathology University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.
[email protected] Lisa J. Vaillancourt Associate Professor Department of Plant Pathology University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S. Jennifer L. Flowers Assistant Professor Spalding University Louisville, KY 40203, U.S. Amy M. Bateman USDA-ARS Small Grains and Potato Research Unit Aberdeen, ID 83210, U.S. Résumé. Un suivi à long terme de 449 pins noirs d’Autriche poussant sur le campus de l’Université du Kentucky a révélé que la brûlure des pousses par le Diplodia a tué 84% des arbres sur ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
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