Table of Contents E. Thomas Smiley Dead-end Stop Terminated Tree Support Cable Systems ................................................................ 67 Abstract. Supplemental support systems are used to reduce the risk of failure of codominant stems. The goal of this study was to evalu- ate dead-end stop terminated cables used in trees and to compare the strength of small tree cable systems. Field evaluations comparing eyebolt and Wire Stop® anchored cables found an enlargement of the hole through the branch in 39% of the Wire Stop terminations with a mean size of 6 mm. Static break tests found that the strength of cable system varied with the strength of the wood and system configuration. From a system strength perspective in oak: bent eye screw lags < welded eye screw lag = single swage stop = single swage stop with washer < double swage stop with washer = eyebolt. In pine, bent eye screw lags = welded eye screw lag = single swage stop < single swage stop with washer < double swage stop with washer = double swage stop with fender washer < eyebolt. Key Words. Codominant Stems; Eyebolts; Ferrule; Guys; Junction Failures; Lags; Support Cable; Swage Stops; Tree Failures; Tree Sup- port System; V-crotch; and Wedge. Clifford S. Sadof, Lindsey Purcell, Forrest J. Bishop, Carlos Quesada, and Zhi-Wei Zhang Evaluating Restoration Capacity and Costs of Managing the Emerald Ash Borer with a Web-based Cost Calculator in Urban Forests ............................................................................... 74 Abstract. Described here is the development of a web-based cost calculator for projecting management costs and restoration, during a planned response to an emerald ash borer invasion in the City of Indianapolis, IN, U.S. Forest sizes, measured as the sum of tree diameters, and costs of managing urban ash trees were projected under various management scenarios over a 25-year period. The study authors illustrate how a city can use local information to compare management plans. Although the simple strategy of treating all ash trees provided the lowest annual cost and produced the largest forest, this option was ultimately the most expensive. Simply removing ash trees and replacing them with resistant trees restored the forest to its initial size aſter 25 years. However, aſter taking five years to complete tree removal and replacement, the initial ash forest was reduced to a mere 27% of its original size. When this management plan was modified, by protecting trees in the median size class with insecticides, the restoration forest was below 50% of the initial size for two years but at a discounted cost that was only 6% greater than replacing all trees. The authors of the study describe how the cost calculator can be used to address the unique local attributes of urban forests. Key Words. Emerald Ash Borer; Forest Restoration; Management Costs. T. Davis Sydnor, Matthew Bumgardner, and Sakthi Subburayalu Community Ash Densities and Economic Impact Potential of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) in Four Midwestern States ............................................................................ 84 Abstract. A survey of 586 community representatives with urban tree canopy responsibilities was conducted to provide data on ash density within four states in the Midwestern U.S., and to examine potential economic losses should emerald ash borer (EAB) become established in their communities. One hundred twenty-three responses were received from communities of various sizes. Data represented 10.5% of the population of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, U.S., and 21% of all communities surveyed. Assuming the complete loss of ash due to EAB, losses in landscape value for ash trees within community boundaries were estimated to be between USD $7.7 (median-based) and $15 billion (mean-based). The cost to remove those trees is somewhat smaller and would be between $3 and $5.8 billion. Replacing trees lost to EAB with smaller 5 cm trees in street, park, and private plantings would cost between $2.7 and $5.2 billion. The total loss of ash for communities in the four states surveyed, including landscape losses, tree removals, and replacements are estimated to be between $13.4 and $26 billion. The potential total costs per 1,000 residents in the four-state region is estimated to be between $395,943 and $769,687. The rates per 1,000 residents estimates can be utilized by communities to begin developing contingency plans should EAB impact them. Key Words. Agrilus planipennis; Ash Tree Density; Cost of Ash Tree Removal/Replacement; Economic Impact; Emerald Ash Borer; EAB; Fraxinus; Green Ash; Survey; White Ash. ©2011 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
March 2011
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