Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is a refereed, international journal that publishes high-quality research results on scientifi c and cultural aspects of the selection, establishment, culture, and maintenance of individual trees, as well as on the structure, function, and management of forests in and around human settlements. The journal welcomes reports of original research, reviews, and anal- yses that advance the professions of arboriculture and urban forestry. Subjects appropriate for submission include: tree biology, entomol- ogy, pathology, horticulture, biomechanics, risk management, soil science, urban forest benefi ts and management, and utility forestry. To be considered for publication, manuscripts must make a signifi cant contribution to the advancement of knowledge in arboriculture and urban forestry and have broad applicability and interest to an international audience. Contributions will be considered in the following categories: (1) Original Research: Original fundamental or applied research that contributes to the scientifi c foundations sup- porting the disciplines of arboriculture and urban forestry; (2) Reviews: Literature reviews or syntheses of previous work to identify trends, designate areas for new work, and/or compare competing theories; (3) Empirical Analyses: Appropriate for analysis of procedures, equipment, or management systems that will lead to the improvement of best management practices; (4) Short Communications: Appropriate for original research investigations of smaller scope, extension or teaching methods and techniques, or descriptions of new diseases. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published to provide science- based information that promotes and encourages interchange of ideas among scientists, educators, and professionals working in arboricul- ture, urban forestry, and related disciplines. Contributions from both ISA members and nonmembers are welcome from all disciplines. Statement of Ownership Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published six times a year (bi- monthly) by the International Society of Arboriculture, a nonprofi t professional association, as a service to its membership. Member- ship in ISA includes an electronic subscription to AUF. Abstract Coverage: Articles in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry are indexed in Bibliography of Agriculture (online database AGRICO- LA), Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS), CABI (CAB abstracts, Forestry Abstracts, Horticultural Abstracts, Ornamental Horticulture, Review of Plant Pathology), and Biological & Agricultural Index Plus. ISSN 1935-5297 (print) ISSN 2155-0778 (online) © 2012, International Society of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. Copyright. Submission of a manuscript implies the work has not been previously published in a refereed journal and is not under con- sideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should be substan- tially different from previously published conference proceedings, industry-oriented publications, and locally published progress or extension reports. All articles published in this journal are protected by copyright, which covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, as well as all translation rights. No material published in this journal may be reproduced without fi rst obtaining written permission from the International Society of Arboriculture. Cover photo: James Urban International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published by the International Society of Arboriculture, a worldwide professional organization dedicated to fostering a greater appreciation for trees and to promoting research, tech- nology, and the professional practice of arboriculture and urban forestry. ISA Board of Directors Colin Bashford, President, Hampshire, England, UK Terrence Flanagan, President-Elect, Lake Oswego, Oregon, U.S. Francesco Ferrini, Bagno A Ripoli, Florence, Italy Bill Fountain, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Geoff Kempter, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S. de Gourét Litchfi eld, Ballingslov, Sweden Michael Marshall, Morriston, Florida, U.S. Michelle Mitchell, Lapeer, Michigan, U.S. Melinda Myers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. Zhu Ning, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. Ward Peterson, Kent, Ohio, U.S. Brian Phelan, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Paul Ries, Salem, Oregon, U.S. Frank Rinn, Heidelberg, Germany Mark Roberts, Dunedin, New Zealand Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Associate Editors Susan Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S. Francesco Ferrini, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy Jason Grabosky, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S. C.Y. Jim, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Maria-Luisa Tello, Madrid Institute of Agricultural Research, Madrid, Spain Daniel Marion, University of New York-Finger Lakes, Canandaigua, New York, U.S. Peter May, University of Melbourne, May Horticultural Services, Melbourne, Australia Zhu Ning, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. Michael Raupp, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S. Bryant Scharenbroch, Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, U.S. Alexia Stokes, INRA, Montpellier, France Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Staff ISA Executive Director, Jim Skiera, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. Editor-in-Chief, Gary Watson, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois; Adjunct, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S. Administrator, Aaron H. Bynum, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. Administrator, Rachel Leibowitz, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. Administrator, Amy Theobald, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. Layout, Kathy Ashmore, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. This journal is printed by Premier Print Group (PPG), in Champaign, Illinois, U.S., a strong proponent of eco-friendly practices and environmental stewardship. Working with employees and clients to fi nd and apply effi cient and sustainable resources is always a priority for PPG. ISA appreciates PPG’s efforts to signifi cantly reduce its impact on the environment, including: printing with vegetable-based inks, using alcohol-free press solutions, purchasing and using products with the lowest possible levels of volatile organic compounds, and recycling 100% of their waste paper, aluminum plates, and wrapping materials. www.thepremierprintgroup.com
January 2012
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