88 Strom et al.: Evaluating Insecticides for Preventing Southern Pine Beetles Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2015. 41(2): 88–102 Evaluation of General-Use Insecticides for Preventing Host Colonization by New Jersey Southern Pine Beetles B.L. Strom, W.K. Oldland, J.R. Meeker, and J. Dunn Abstract. Four general-use insecticides (Astro®, Onyx®, Dominion® Tree & Shrub, and Xytect 2F®) were evaluated for their effective- ness at preventing attacks by the southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis) and the small southern pine engraver (Ips avulsus) using a previously developed small-bolt method. Evaluations were conducted between 58 and 126 days post treatment. South- ern pine beetles from New Jersey and Mississippi, U.S., were evaluated using a mixture of field and laboratory small-bolt trials; beetle origin did not appear to affect results. Astro and Onyx bole sprays were effective at reducing or eliminating attack by SPB, while the imidacloprid soil drench products (Dominion and Xytect) were ineffective. With I. avulsus in Louisiana, U.S., Astro was effective at reducing bole utilization at 58 and 83 days posttreatment but failed at 126 days. Onyx, Dominion, and Xytect were ineffective against I. avulsus in these tests. Imidacloprid phloem residues averaged 0.74 (µg/g phloem dry weight) for Dominion and 1.31 for Xytect, values that are similar to other studies but low for purposes of control. These results support previous findings that systemic imidacloprid is ineffective for protecting pines against Dendroctonus bark beetles and that bole sprays with bifenthrin or perme- thrin can be effective. However, permethrin was the only active ingredient that was effective against I. avulsus in the current study. Key Words. Bifenthrin; Dendroctonus frontalis; Imidacloprid; Insecticide; Ips avulsus; Mississippi; New Jersey; Permethrin; Pinus; Soil Drench; Southern Pine Beetle; Southern Pine Engraver; Systemic Insecticide. The southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus fron- talis) was first observed in the state of New Jersey, U.S., in this century in 2001 (Klischies and Bat- tersby 2002). Prior to this, the most recent outbreak in southern New Jersey is believed to have been in 1939 (The Philadelphia Inquirer 2011). Popu- lations of this aggressive beetle have been killing an increasing number of pines in southern New Jersey for the past six years, with especially wide- spread host mortality being observed since 2010. The beetle has been identified in survey traps as far north as Monmouth County, but pine mortality has been observed predominantly south of the Mullica River, which forms most of the northern border of Atlantic County (Figure 1). Six counties have ex- perienced tree mortality caused by SPB: Atlantic, Cape May, Cumberland, Camden, Gloucester, and Salem; the first of these three being most impacted (Figure 1). Pines have been killed on more than 12,950 ha during the current outbreak, with about 10,926.5 ha killed since 2010 (Ferguson et al. 2013). ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture The primary SPB host in New Jersey is pitch pine (Pinus rigida). Pitch pine is the most common pine in the state and is a predominant forest tree, com- prising about 15% of living forestland trees and 34% of all trees (Crocker 2012). The species accounts for the majority of observed mortality from SPB, but beetle preferences among pitch pine and the other hosts in New Jersey, including shortleaf pine (P. echi- nata), loblolly pine (P. taeda), Virginia pine (P. vir- giniana), eastern white pine (P. strobus), and red pine (P. resinosa) (Klischies and Battersby 2002), have not been determined. Southern pine beetle kills trees wherever hosts are found. In southern New Jersey, pitch pine is a common tree in urban and suburban forests, which generally have areas that are over- stocked and over-aged, providing ample hosts for SPB to be a pest (Cameron 1987; Hayes et al. 1996). Typical of eastern states in the U.S., the majority of forests in New Jersey are privately owned with an average holding size of 4.9 ha (Crocker et al. 2008). Most forest owners in the state consider aesthetics a
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