Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(2): March 2015 primary ownership objective, but the vast majority do not have management plans (Crocker et al. 2008). Recreation is also a primary use for New Jersey forests under all ownership types. These statistics suggest high-value individual pines and groups of pines will continue to be threatened by SPB in New Jersey and that private, nonindustrial landowners will consider prevention activities in a high-value, urban setting. This context puts a focus on managing individual trees and includes insecticidal treatments as both a central option for direct control, and especially for protection of selected trees from attack. This is in contrast to a general forest context in which mitigation of overall damage is the primary consideration and in which tree felling is the central management activity. In this study, the primary research objective was to evaluate general-use insecticides, a term applied to products that are not on the restricted use list for New Jersey (New Jersey Government 2013), for the prevention of SPB attacks on pine hosts. Because the SPB outbreak is ongoing, researchers endeav- ored to generate test results with labeled products as quickly as possible, so that homeowners and practitioners may be informed. Methods and treat- ments were chosen with this objective in mind; more extensive evaluations of these and other tree protection products in situ may also be of interest. Systemic products and bole sprays are regis- tered by US-EPA for preventive applications against conifer-infesting bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curcu- lionidae: Scolytinae). In various formulations, the active ingredients (AIs) bifenthrin, carbaryl, and permethrin are labeled for prophylactic application as bole sprays against bark beetles. Carbaryl is inef- fective against SPB (Berisford et al. 1981; Zhong et al. 1994; Strom and Roton 2009) and was excluded from these tests. Bifenthrin and permethrin exist in general-use formulations for New Jersey (Onyx® and Astro®, respectively, along with generic products), although other products based on these same AIs (e.g., Onyx Pro®) are considered restricted use and are only available to licensed applicators. The study authors are aware of at least six AIs that are registered for systemic application against tree pests (acephate, avermectin, bidrin, imidacloprid, emamectin ben- zoate, dinotefuran), but the majority of them have been ineffective against bark beetles (Haverty et al. 1996; DeGomez et al. 2006; Grosman and Upton Figure 1. Map of counties comprising New Jersey, U.S. The shaded area are those with known SPB infestations; mark- ers show 2012 infestations. Populations of the southern pine beetle have been in outbreak status in New Jersey since 2010. 2006; Grosman et al. 2010). The most promising of these AIs for bark beetles is emamectin benzoate (TREE-age®; Syngenta Crop Protection, Greens- boro, North Carolina, U.S.); however, evaluations with this product against bark beetles continue, and it is a restricted-use product in its current formu- lation, which leaves primarily the neonicotinoids imidacloprid (e.g., Xytect 2F®, Dominion® Tree & Shrub) and dinotefuran (Safari®) as meeting the criteria. Neither imidacloprid nor dinotefuran prod- ucts have been effective in previous studies against pine-infesting bark beetles (DeGomez et al. 2006; Grosman and Upton 2006), and the Safari label only lists mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosae). ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture 89
March 2015
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