Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(2): March 2015 91 Table 1. Descriptions of individual experimental trials conducted as part of this study with the southern pine beetle (SPB) or Ips avulsus (Ips). Insecticide residue concentrations were determined from phloem collected from each untreated and imidacloprid-treated study tree after felling. Evaluation NJ Field 11-1 NJ Field 11-2 NJ Field 1 NJ Field 2 MS Field 3 NJ Lab 1 NJ Lab 2 MS Lab 3 LA Field 1 LA Field 2 LA Field 3 Site Glassboro Winslow Clarks Harding Homochitto Laboratory Laboratory Laboratory Stuart Stuart Stuart Insect species source SPB-NJ feral SPB-NJ feral SPB-NJ feral SPB-NJ feral SPB-MS feral SPB-NJ boltsw SPB-NJ boltsw SPB-MS boltsv Ips-LA feral Ips-LA feral Ips-LA feral Dates of trial Aug 3–10 2011 Aug 30–Sept 8, 2011 May 15–19, 2012 May 15–20, 2012 June 5–12, 2012 May 25–27, 2012 May 31–June 2, 2012 July 16–18, 2012 May 14–21, 2012 June 5–12, 2012 July 18–25, 2012 Trial setz 4 5 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 Days posttreatmenty 69 96 62 62 83 72 78 124 61 83 126 z 1 = cut on May 11, 2012; 2 = cut on May 25, 2012; 3 = cut on July 15, 2012; 4 = cut on July 29, 2011; 5 = cut on August 24, 2011. y At first day of bolt’s exposure to beetles. x Based on attack number (SPB) or proportion of subsamples with activity (Ips avulsus) observed on control/untreated bolts. w Infested pitch pine from Harding site. v Infested loblolly pine from Homochitto National Forest. Note: NJ = New Jersey; MS = Mississippi; LA = Louisiana. Small-Bolt Field Evaluation of Tree Protection Treatments For the New Jersey (NJ) field portion of the study, two sites on state property were selected based upon adequate beetle activity and stand acces- sibility. Stands at both sites were predominantly pitch pine, one being mostly sawtimber with a closed canopy (Clarks Landing) and the other being sapling-sized pitch pines and a more open canopy (Harding). Both sites had active SPB pop- ulations as indicated by freshly attacked trees. Treated trees in Louisiana were cut and bucked into small bolts on May 11, 2012 (58 days posttreat- ment), and deployed in traps at the NJ sites from May 15 to 20, 2012 (Table 1; Figure 2). The evalua- tion method was adapted from similar experiments conducted with Ips bark beetles in central Louisiana (Strom and Roton 2011). A single cut bolt (~11 cm × 11 cm) was placed into a bucket that replaced the usual collecting cup on a Lindgren multiple- funnel trap (12-funnel; Synergy Semiochemicals Corp., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada) (Lind- gren 1983; Figure 2) and held the bolt in place. Two attractants were hung at the middle funnel of each trap, frontalin (racemic, 600 mg load; release rate of 5.9 mg / day at 23.1°C) and an Ultra High Release pouch with SPB monoterpene blend (70% alpha- pinene [75%-(+) enantiomere], 30% beta-pinene; release rate of 3.7 g / day at 26.8°C) (USDA Forest Service 2010). A third attractant, endo-brevicomin (release rate of 0.4 mg / day at 20°C), was attached to vegetation approximately 4 m horizontal dis- tance from each trap. This is the most attractive, commercially available lure combination for SPB in the southeastern U.S. (Sullivan et al. 2007), and was so selected to provide the greatest challenge to treatments. All semiochemicals were purchased from Synergy Semiochemicals Corp. Successful challenge to insecticide treatments by this method depends on the attraction of female SPB to the trap, which then fall into the collecting container and attack the bolt that is lying in the bottom ad libitum. Female Dendroctonus bark beetles initiate attacks and are primarily responsible for creating nuptual chambers and galleries; their activity is necessary for determination of treatment success. Although still male-biased, the lure combination with endo-brevicomin is believed to attract the same sex ratio as the lure without, at least under the conditions evaluated to date (Sullivan et al. 2007). In New Jersey, bolts were assigned to trap loca- tions using a randomized complete block design with six blocks and five bolts per block (one from each treatment). Clarks Landing was a larger infes- tation, so four blocks (n = 20 bolts) were installed there with the remaining two (n = 10 bolts) being installed at Harding. Bolts were checked twice daily, which allowed researchers to observe attacks and manipulate blocks when needed to create more bee- tle pressure. Each time any manipulation was done (e.g., trap locations moved within an infestation), the entire block was treated similarly and treatments were re-randomized. As the experiment progressed, it became clear that bolts were not being attacked ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture Valid testx N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
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