Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(2): March 2015 several genera appear across multiple studies, par- ticularly sycamore (Platanus spp., including the hybrid Platanus × acerifolia or London planetree), a known allergen (White and Bernstein 2003). Study Design Characteristics Most studies meeting the inclusion criteria used a relatively small number of sampling sites, with three notable exceptions. Ishibashi et al. (2008) used 78 sampling sites during their second year of monitoring; however, the sampling period at these sites was limited to a single 24-hour period in March. Emberlin and Norris-Hill (1991) conducted monitoring for two pollen seasons, using 12 sites in 1987 and 14 sites in 1988. Raynor et al. (1975) con- structed a series of sampling lines, each consisting of eight samplers separated by a maximum distance of 486 m to examine small-scale variation in rag- weed pollen (Ambrosia spp.). The remaining stud- ies used between two and four sites within a city. Table 2. Study characteristics. Study Location Celenk et al. 2010 Katelaris et al. 2004 Istanbul, Turkey Sydney, Australia Number of sampling sites 2 3 Sampling period March 1, 2005–February 28, 2006 August–November 1999 59 The height at which sampling was conducted ranged from ground level to 33 m; however, one study did not report the sampling height and two studies reported the number of stories above ground at which sampling occurred but did include the exact height. In addition, seven studies did not conduct pollen monitoring at a uniform height. These height differences make it difficult to interpret whether the detected spatial variability in pollen is truly present, as pollen concentrations have been shown to vary as a function of height up to 15 m. Most pollen types show higher con- centrations closer to ground level, although the differences are more pronounced for herbaceous taxa than for arboreal taxa (Rantio-Lehtimaki et al. 1991; Alcazar et al. 1999). Thus, in this review, evidence from the studies in which samplers were placed at uniform height is considered of higher quality. Table 2 provides additional infor- mation on the characteristics of the 13 studies. Sampling height 25 m 15 m Minimum and maximum sampling type distance between sites Not reported Volumetric 30 km (maximum), Volumetric minimum not reported Gonzalo-Garjo et al. 2006 Badajoz, Spain Alcazar et al. 2004 Myszkowska et al. 2012 Nowak et al. 2012 Cordoba, Spain Cracow, Poland Poznan, Poland Rodriguez-Rajo et al. 2010 Poznan, Poland Velasco-Jiménez et al. 2012 Cordoba, Spain Raynor et al. 1975 Multiple cities in New York, U.S. 4 4 2 2 2 2 27 days between March 7, 2003– February 26, 2004 6 m (1 site), ground level (3 sites) 26 days between February–April 2000, 15 m 12 days between March–April 2001 April–October 2011 2005–2009 2005–2007 2006–2010 3 sampling lines 5–20 minute samples, (one per city) 1971–1972 with 8 samplers per line White et al. 2005 Frenz et al. 1997 Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. 2 St. Paul, Minnesota, 2 U.S. Emberlin and Norris-Hill North London, UK 12 (1987), 1991 14 (1988) Ishibashi et al. 2008 Tokyo, Japan 32 (2005), 78 (2006) March 15–16, 2005, March 14–15, 2006 Not reported Not reported Gravimetric 2002 April–October 1993 1987–1988 12.2 m (1 site), ground level (1 site) 2-story building (1 site), 1-story building (1 site) 6-story buildings 5.6 km Not reported Impactor Gravimetric 16 km Impactor Not reported Not reported 15 m (1 site), 20 m (1 site) 1.5 km 33 m (1 site), 22 m (1 site) 8 km 33 m (1 site), 22 m (1 site) 8 km 15 m (1 site), 22 m (1 site) Not reported 1.5 m 1 m (minimum), 486 m (maximum) Volumetric Volumetric Volumetric Volumetric Volumetric Volumetric Impactor ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture
March 2015
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