286 Hauer and Johnson: State U&CF Program Funding, Technical Assistance, and Financial Assistance consolidated payments, local in-kind). States that responded no state funds were allocated ($2.7 million) and those reporting funding through foundation/trust and contract/fees money ($1 million) in this study leaves a $10.8 million state estimate from PMAS. This compares well to this studies extrapolated value of $10.2 million. Acknowledgments. We thank Dr. Alan Ek, Dr. Jennifer Juzwik, Dr. Mike Kilgore, and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive com- ments on the earlier draft of this paper. LITERATURE CITED Andresen, J.W. 1978. Urban forestry today, pp. 3–8. In: McBride, J., and R. Beatty (Eds.). Proceedings of the California Symposium on Urban Forestry, May 19–20, 1978, Berkeley, CA. Baughman, M.J. 1980. The role of government in urban forestry, pp. 302–306. In: Proceedings of the 1979 Convention of the Society of American Foresters. 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An assessment of state agencies that affect forests. Jour- nal of Forestry 100:35–41. Elmendorf, W.F., V.J. Cotrone, and J.T. Mullen. 2003. Trends in urban forestry practices, programs, and sustainability: Contrasting a Penn- sylvania, U.S., study. Journal of Arboriculture 29:237–248. Hauer, R.J. 2005. Urban Forest and Urban Forestry Capacity: Defining Capacity and Models of Capacity Building. Doctoral Dissertation. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota. www. uwsp.edu/cnr/faculty/hauer/Files/Hauer%20Dissertation.pdf (ac- cessed 3/7/2007). ———. 2006. Urban forestry capacity building and models, pp. 1–24. In: Phillips, V.D., and R. Tschida (Eds.). Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Environmental Management for Sustain- able Universities, June 26–30, 2006. Global Environmental Manage- ment Education Center, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, WI. ©2008 International Society of Arboriculture Hauer, R.J., and G.R. 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State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, and J.F. Dwyer. 2002. Compensatory value of urban trees in the United States. Journal of Arboriculture 28:194–199. Nowak, D.J., and J.F. Dwyer. 2000. Understanding the benefits and costs of urban forest ecosystems, pp. 11–22. In: Kuser, J.E. (Ed.). Handbook of Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast. Klu- wer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. Nowak, D.J., J.E. Pasek, R.A. Sequeira, D.E. Crane, and V.C. Mastro. 2001. Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Ce- rambycidae) on urban trees in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:116–122. Reichenbach, M.R. 1988. Perspectives gained from the national urban forestry assessment: Forestry a community tradition, pp. 392–395. In: Healthy Forests, Healthy World, Proceedings of the 1988 Society of American Foresters National Convention, Rochester, NY. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD. Schroeder, H.W., T.L. Green, and T.J. Howe. 2003. Community tree programs in Illinois, U.S.: A statewide survey and assessment. Jour- nal of Arboriculture 29:218–225. Still, D., B. Fair, and H. Gerhold. 1996. Community forestry grants in Pennsylvania: How effective are they. Journal of Forestry 94:26–30. Thompson, R.P., and J.J. Ahern. 2000. The State of Urban and Com- munity Forestry in California: Status in 1997 and Trends Since 1988. Technical Report Number 9. Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute. Cali- fornia Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA. 48 pp. Tschantz, B.A., and P.L. Sacamano. 1994. Municipal Tree Management in the United States. Davey Research Group and Communication Research Associates, Inc. Report, Kent, OH. 58 pp. Unsoeld, O. 1978. Legislative History of Urban Forestry: An Analysis. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Forestry Internal Re- port. Washington, DC. 29 pp.
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