ARBORICULTURE ARBORICULTU URBAN FORESTRY Volume 34, Issue 1, January 2008 & CONTENTS Formerly the Journal of Arboriculture, 1975 – 2005 (Volumes 1 – 31) www.isa-arbor.com Xiping Wang and R. Bruce Allison Decay Detection in Red Oak Trees Using a Combination of Visual Inspection, Acoustic Testing, and Resistance Microdrilling .......................................................................1 Abstract. Arborists are oſten challenged to identify internal structural defects hidden from view within tree trunks. This article reports the results of a study using a trunk inspection protocol combining visual observation, single-path stress wave testing, acoustic tomography, and resistance microdrill- ing to detect internal defects. Two century-old red oak (Quercus rubra) trees located in Capitol Park, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S., were visually inspected and then evaluated using a single-path stress wave timer, an acoustic tomography, and a resistance measuring drill. The trees were subsequently felled, and a disk at each test location was obtained and examined. It was found that the visual inspection and single-path stress wave tests correctly identi- fied a general problem but without specificity; the tomograph accurately revealed the general location and magn tude of the defect within the cross- sections tested but required resistance microdrilling to precisely locate defects and differentiate between decay and crackinduced acoustic shadows. Key Words. Acoustic Tomography; Crack; Decay; Hazard Tree; Resistance Microdrilling; Resistograph; Risk Assessment; Stress Wave. Richard J. Hauer, Cynthia J. Casey, and Robert W. Miller Advancement in State Government Involvement in Urban and Community Forestry in the 50 United States: Changes in Program Status From 1986 to 2002 ............................................................5 Abstract. This study investigated changes in state urban and community forestry (U&CF) programs since expansion of the federal U&CF pr gram in 1990. Baseline data from 1986 compared with state U&CF program data in 2002 demonstrated significant expansion in state U&CF program capacity and assistance to local urban forestry efforts within the 50 United States. Use of Federal Cooperative Forestry Assistance Grants more than doubled, two additional state U&CF staff were employed within the program, time allocated to statewide coordination and regional implementation of the U&CF program approximately doubled, and a 111% national increase in the amount of state money used to finance the program occurred. In contrast, a similar minority of state coordinators in 1986 (40%) and 2002 (42%) believed adequate attention was given by the state agency housing the U&CF program. State coordinators in 2002 also had a similar outlook on the long-term future through expansion, reduction, or elimination of the state U&CF program reported in 1986 with slightly over 60% in both years believing expansion will occur. A significantly similar percentage of state U&CF program coordinators in 2002 (68%) compared with 1986 (77%) thought the state U&CF program would continue if federal funding was eliminated, however with a reduction in local assistance. Study findings suggest many positive changes in state U&CF program capacity occurred between 1986 and 2002 with various indicators suggesting dependence within some states on federal funding to maintain their current capacity. Key Words. Financial and Technical Assistance; Program Capacity; State and Federal Urban and Community Forestry; Urban Forestry. Edward F. Gilman, Jason C. Grabosky, Scott Jones, and Chris Harchick Effects of Pruning Dose and Type on Trunk Movement in Tropical Storm Winds ................................................13 Abstract. We built a machine with a propeller capable of generating 33.5 m/s (75 mph) winds to determine the influence of pruning dose and American National Standards Institute A300 pruning type on trunk movement of Quercus virginiana ‘QVTIA’ PP #11219, High- rise® at various wind speeds. Trunk movement was regressed against wind speeds and pruning doses for each tree tested. Increasing wind speed increased trunk movement, and the magnitude of the increase depended on pruning dose and pruning type. Increasing prun- ing dose reduced trunk movement and the magnitude of the reduction was greater at higher wind speeds. The predicted trunk movement of thinned trees was statistically greater than movement of structurally pruned, raised, and lion’s tailed trees at wind speeds of 20.1 m/s (45 mph) and was greater than all pruning types at 26.8 m/s (60 mph). There was no difference in movement among reduced, raised, structur- ally pruned, and lion’s tailed trees; and there were no statistical differences in trunk movement among pruning types at the lower wind speeds. We found that thinning the outer edge of the crown was one of the least effective pruning types for reducing trunk movement in wind. Key Words. Crown Raising; Crown Reduction; Crown Thinning; Lion’s Tailing; Pruning Dose; Pruning Type; Structural Pruning; Wind. ©2008 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
January 2008
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