Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(1): January 2008 Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center (HRAREC) in Virginia Beach, Virginia, U.S., and the other at Riverview Farm Park in Newport News, Virginia. At both sites, all trees used were field-grown, balled and burlapped (B&B). In 2004, a third B&B research site was added at the U.S. Army Transpor- tation Center, Fort Eustis, Virginia. At these first three sites, a 1-year stabilization period was evaluated. In 2006, a fourth B&B experiment was established at Virginia Tech’s Urban Horticul- ture Center in Blacksburg, Virginia. Realizing that an increasing number of landscape-caliper trees are being grown in containers, a second research plot was es- tablished at HRAREC in 2004 to evaluate container-grown trees with both 1- and 2-year stabilization periods. Manuscripts de- tailing the results of these stabilization research projects are cur- rently being prepared. The information contained in these various surveys, as well as this ongoing field research, should help arboriculture and urban forestry, as well as other practitioners such as landscape archi- tects, develop or improve tree planting specifications relative to tree stabilization. By better understanding available products and systems, more educated decisions can be made that should trans- late into more successful tree establishment in the landscape. Acknowledgments. This project was funded in part by the Tree Research and Education Endowment Fund, the Mid- Atlantic Chapter–ISA Frank S. Santamour, Jr. grant program, and the Virginia Urban and Community Forestry Assistance grant program. LITERATURE CITED Appleton, B.L., and C.E. Whitcomb. 1984. Establishment of container- grown ornamentals. Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference 31:106–108. Burton, J.D., and D.M. Smith. 1972. Guying to prevent wind sway influences loblolly pine Growth and wood properties. USDA Forest Service Research Paper SO-80. 8 pp. Ellyard, R.K. 1984. Effect of root pruning at planting on subsequent root development of two species of eucalyptus. Journal of Arboriculture 10:214–218. Fulmer, J.P., and E.V. Jones. 1974. The effect of four transplant treat- ments on root growth of container-grown Ilex cornuta ‘Burford Nana’. Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference 19:27. Gilman, E.F. 1997. Trees for urban and suburban landscapes. Delmar Publishers, New York, NY. 662 pp. Harris, R.W. 1969. Staking and pruning young Myoporum laetum trees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 4:359–361. ———. 1984. Effects of pruning and staking on landscape trees. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 2:140–142. Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 2004. Arboriculture— Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 578 pp. Leiser, A.T., R.W. Harris, P.L. Neel, D. Long, N.W. Stice, and R.G. Maire. 1972. Staking and pruning influences trunk development of young trees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Sci- ence 97:498–503. Lilly, S.J. 2001. Arborist’s Certification Study Guide. International So- ciety of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. 222 pp. Neel, P.L. 1971. Factors Influencing Tree Trunk Growth. Special Re- port, I.S.T.C. Research Project. 24 pp. 57 Schuch, U.K., and J. Kelly. 2004. Alternatives for Tree Staking. AZ1359 Turfgrass, Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 5 pp. Svihra, P., D. Burger, and D. Ellis. 1999. Effects of 3 trunk support systems on growth of young Pyrus calleryana trees. Journal of Ar- boriculture 25:319–324. Watson, G.W., and E.B. Himelick. 1997. Principles and Practices of Planting Trees and Shrubs. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. 200 pp. ———. 2005. Best Management Practices—Tree Planting. Interna- tional Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. 41 pp. Whitcomb, C.E. 2006. Establishment and Maintenance of Landscape Plants II. Lacebark Inc., Stillwater, OK. 340 pp. Wrigley, M.P., and G.S. Smith. 1978. Staking and pruning effects on trunk and root development of four ornamental trees. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 6:309–311. Bonnie Appleton (corresponding author) Professor Virginia Tech Hampton Roads AREC 1444 Diamond Springs Road Virginia Beach, VA 23455-3315, U.S.
[email protected] Carolyn M. Cannella Former MS Student Virginia Tech Hampton Roads AREC 1444 Diamond Springs Road Virginia Beach, VA 23455-3315, U.S. P. Eric Wiseman Assistant Professor Virginia Tech Department of Forestry 304 Cheatham Hall Blacksburg, VA 24061-0324, U.S. Alexis A. Alvey MS Student Virginia Tech Department of Forestry 304 Cheatham Hall Blacksburg, VA 24061-0324, U.S. Résumé. Les produits et systèmes utilisés pour stabiliser les arbres lors de la plantation devraient être prescrits en se basant sur les condi- tions de site, les caractéristiques de l’arbre ainsi que les pratiques de plantation et d’entretien. Des méthodes alternatives à celles plus tradi- tionnelles des tuteurs et des câbles d’ancrage dans le sol existent, méth- odes qui consistent généralement à ancrer la motte plutôt que de sup- porter le tronc. Lorsqu’on évalue le besoin de stabiliser l’arbre lors de la plantation, un certain nombre de facteurs devraient être considérés, in- cluant le coût du matériel, le temps requis pour l’installation et l’entretien, la duréed’utilisation du produit ainsi que son aspect esthé- tique. Zusammenfassung. Produkte und Systeme zur Stabilisierung von zu verpflanzenden Bäumen sollten anhand von Standortbedingungen, Baumcharakteristika und Pflanz-/Pflegeanforderungen beschrieben werden. Alternativen zu traditionellen oberirdischen Baumverankerun- ©2008 International Society of Arboriculture
January 2008
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