212 other fungal pathogens in natural ecosystems. As effects are mostly on the plant itself, unlike with a synthetic fungicide, little, if any, consequences on the existing tree microbial community exist. In addition, Si fertilizers and/or IR agents are potential candidates for treatment in natural eco- systems because they have extremely low toxicity to invertebrates, aquatic organisms, or animals, including humans, compared to synthetic fungi- cides (Vallad and Goodman 2004; Garbelotto et al. 2007). Finally, Si fertilizers and/or IR agents can be incorporated into an integrated pest man- agement system and/or be used preventatively to bolster general plant health (Sparla et al. 2004; Walters 2009; Percival 2016). In these instances, the reductions in scab severity recorded in this investigation may warrant the use of an Si fertil- izer and/or IR agents as an alternative or com- plement to conventional synthetic fungicides. In conclusion, the results of this study pro- vide some evidence that Si fertilizers and/or IR agents individually or in combination could potentially play a useful role as an alternative and/or supplementary method of apple and pear scab management under field and/or landscape conditions, provided four sprays are applied from bud break to early fruitlet formation. Acknowledgments. The author is grate- ful for funding in part from TREE FUND (Hyland Johns Grant). Percival: Evaluation of Silicon Fertilizers Butt, D.J., A.A.J. Swait, and J.D. Robinson. 1990. Evaluation of fun- gicides against apple powdery mildew and scab. Tests of Ag- rochemicals and Cultivars 11. Annals Applied Biology (supp) 116:34–35. Cai, K.Z., D. Gao, S.M. Luo, R.S. Zeng, and J.Y. Yang. 2008. Physi- ological and cytological mechanisms of silicon-induced re- sistance in rice against blast disease. Physiologia Plantarum 134:324–333. Catherine Keller, F.G., and J.D. Meunier. 2012. Benefits of plant silicon for crops: A review. Agronomy Sustainable Development 32:201–213. Christiansen, E., P. Karokene, A.A. Berryman, V.R. Franceschi, T. Krekling, F. Lieutier, and A. Lonneborg, et al. 1999. Mechanical injury and fungal infection induce acquired resistance in Nor- way spruce. Tree Physiology 19:399–403. Cuthbertson, A.G.S., and A.K. Murchie. 2003. The impact of fungi- cides to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) on the preda- tory mite Anystis baccarum and its prey Aculus schlechtendali (apple rust mite) in Northern Ireland Bramley orchards. Crop Protection 22:1125–1130. Datnoff, L.E., and R.T. Nagata. 1999. Influence of Silicon on Gray Leaf Spot Development in St. Augustinegrass. Phytopathology 89:S19. Datnoff, L.E., F.A. Rodrigues, and K.W. Seebold. 2007. Silicon and plant disease. pp. 233–246 In: L.E. Datnoff, W.H. Elmer, and D.M. Huber (Eds.). Mineral Nutrition and Plant Disease. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S. Datnoff, L.E., G.H. Snyder, R.N. Raid, and D.B. Jones. 1991. Effect of calcium silicate on blast and brown spot intensities and yields of rice. Plant Disease 75:729–732. Elliott, C.L., and G.H. Snyder. 1991. Autoclave-induced digestion for the colorimetric determination of silicon in rice straw. Jour- nal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 39:1118–1119. Facchini, P.J. 2001. Alkaloid biosynthesis in plants: Biochemistry, cell biology, molecular regulation, and metabolic engineer- ing applications. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 52:29–66. Fauteux, F., R.B. Wilfried, J.G. Menzies, and R.R. Belanger. 2005. Silicon and plant disease resistance against pathogenic fungi. FEMS Microbiology Letters 249:1–6. LITERATURE CITED Agostini, J.P., P.M. Bushong, and L.W. Timmer. 2003. Glasshouse evaluation of products that induce host resistance for control of scab, melanose, and Alternaria brown spot of citrus. Plant Dis- ease 87:69–75. Bécot, S., E. Pajot, D. Le Corre, C. Monot, and D. Silué. 2000. Phy- togard (K2 downy mildew of crucifers. Crop Protection 19:417–425. HPO3 Bernards, M.A., and L. Bastrup-Spohr. 2008. Phenylpropanoid metabolism induced by wounding and insect herbivory. pp. 189–213 In: A. Schaller (Ed.). Induced plant resistance to her- bivory. Springer, New York, New York, U.S. 462 pp. Bevan, J., and S. Knight. 2001. Organic Apple Production, first edi- tion. HDRA, Emmerson Press, Kenilworth, UK. Blaedow, R.A., W.R. Chaney, P.C. Pecknold, and H.A. Holt. 2006. Investigation of fungicidal properties of the tree growth regula- tor paclobutrazol to control apple scab. Journal of Arboriculture 32:67–73. ) induces localized resistance in cauliflower to Fobert, P.R., and C. Després. 2005. Redox control of systemic acquired resistance. 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