318 Dahle and Grabosky: The Function and Allometric Relationships of Tree Stems and Branches Cochard, H., and M.T. Tyree. 1990. Xylem dysfunction in Quercus: vessel sizes, tyloses, cavitation and seasonal changes in embolism. Tree Physiology 6:393–407. Cremer, K.W., C.J. Borough, F.H. McKinnell, and P.R. Carter. 1982. Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12:244–268. Dahle, G.A. 2009. How the hydraulic and mechanical properties of wood influence branch form in Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.). Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ. Dahle, G.A., H.H. Holt, W.R. Chaney, T.M Whalen, D.L. Cassens, R. Gazo, and R.L. McKenzie. 2006. Branch strength loss implications for silver maple (Acer saccharinum) converted from round-over to V-trims. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32:148–154. Davis, S.D., J.S. Sperry, and U.G. Hacke. 1999. The relationship between xylem conduit diameter and cavitation caused by freezing events. American Journal of Botany 86:1367–1372. Dean, T.J., and J.N Long. 1986. Validity of constant-stress and elastic- instability principles of stem formation in Pinus contorta and Trifo- lium pratense. Annals of Botany 58:533–840. Dünisch, O., C.B. Reissmann, and A. Oliszeski. 2004. Variability of ves- sel characteristics in the xylem of Ilex paraguariensis (Mate-tree) from south Brazil. IAWA Journal 25:449–458. Domec, J.C., and B.L. Gartner. 2002. Age- and position-related chang- es in hydraulic versus mechanical dysfunction of xylem: inferring the design criteria for Douglas-fir wood structure. Tree Physiology 22:91–104. Eisner, N.J., E.F. Gilman, J.C. Grabosky, and R.C. Beeson Jr. 2002. Branch junction characteristics affect hydraulic segmentation in red maple. Journal of Arboriculture 28:245–251. Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. Ewers, F.W. 1985. Xylem structure and water conduction in conifer trees, dicot trees, and lianas. IAWA Bulletin 6:309–317. Farnsworth, K.D., and K.J. Niklas. 1995. Theories of optimization, form and function in branching architecture of plants. Functional Ecology 9:355–363. Fisher, J.B., and F.W. Ewers 1995. Vessel dimensions in liana and tree species of Gnetum (Gnetales). American Journal of Botany 82: 1350–1357. Fitter, A.H., and T.R. Stickland. 1992. Fractal characterization of root system architecture. Functional Ecology 6:632–635. Gartner, B.L. 1991a. Stem hydraulic properties of vines vs. shrubs of west- ern poison oak, Toxicodendron diversilobum. Oecologia 87:180–189. Gartner, B.L. 1991b. Structural stability and architectural of vines vs. shrubs of poison oak, Toxicodendron diversilobum. Ecology 76:2005–2015. Gartner, B.L., S.H. Bullock, H.A. Mooney, V.B. Brown, and J.L. Whit- beck. 1990. Water transport properties of vine and tree stems in a tropical deciduous forest. American Journal of Botany 77:742–749. Gartner, B.L., H. Lei., and M.R., Milota. 1997. Variation in the anatomy and specific gravity of wood within and between trees of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.). Wood and Fiber Science 29:10–20. 23:387–395. Gilman, E.F. 2002. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Delmar, Albany, NY. Gartner, B.L., J. Roy, and R. Huc. 2003. Effects of tension wood on spe- cific conductivity and vulnerability to embolism of Quercus ilex seed- lings grown at two atmospheric CO2 concentration. Tree Physiology Gilman, E.F., and S. Lilly. 2008. Best management practices: pruning, second edition. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign IL. ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture Gilman, E.F., J.C Grabosky, S. Jones, and C. Harchick. 2008a. Effects of pruning dose and type on trunk movement in tropical storm winds. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:13–19. Gilman, E.F., F. Masters, and J.C. Grabosky. 2008b. Pruning affects tree movement in hurricane force wind. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:20–28. Grabosky, J., E. Gilman, and C. Harchick. 2007. Use of branch cross- sectional area for predicting pruning dose in young field-grown Quer- cus virginiana ‘Cathedral’ in Florida, US. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 6:159–167. Green, D.W., J.E. Winandy, and D.E. Kretschmann. 1999. Mechanical properties of wood. In: Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-113. USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. Greenhill, A.G. 1881. Determination of the greatest height consistent with stability that a vertical pole or mast can be made, and of the greatest height to which a tree of given proportions can grow. Pro- ceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4:65–73. Groom, L., L. Mott, and S. Shaler. 2002. Mechanical properties of indi- vidual southern pine fibers. Part I. Determination and variability of stress–strain curves with respect to tree height and juvenility. Wood and Fiber Science 34:14–27. Hacke, U.G., and J.S. Sperry. 2001. Functional and ecological xylem anatomy. Perspective Plant Ecology 4:97–115. Hacke, U.G., J.S. Sperry, J.K Wheeler, and L. Castro. 2006. Scaling of angiosperm xylem structure with safety and efficiency. Tree Physiol- ogy 26:689–701. Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 2004. Arboriculture, inte- grated management of landscape trees, shrubs, and vines. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Hibbeler, RC. 2005. Mechanics of Material 6th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Jourez, B., A. Riboux, and A. LeClercq. 2001. Anatomical characteristics of tension wood and opposite wood in young inclined stems of poplar (Populus euramericana cv “Ghoy”) IAWA Journal 22:133–138. Kaeiser, M., and S.G. Boyce. 1965. The relationship of gelatinous fibers to wood structure in eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoids). Ameri- can Journal of Botany 52:711–715. Kane, B. 2007. Branch strength of bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana var. ‘Bradford’). Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:283–291. Kane, B. 2008. Tree failure following a windstorm in Brewster Massa- chusetts, USA. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 7:15–23. Kane, B., and P. Clouston. 2008. Tree pulling tests of large shade trees in the genus Acer. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:101–109. Kane, B., M. Pavlis, J.R. Harris, and J.R. Seiler. 2008. Crown reconfigu- ration and trunk stress in deciduous trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:1275–1289. Kern, K.A., F.W. Ewers, F.W. Telewski, and L. Koehler. 2005. Mechanical perturbation affects conductivity, mechanical properties and above- ground biomass of hybrid poplars. Tree Physiology 25:1243–1251. King, D.A. 1986. Tree form, height growth, and susceptibility to wind damage in Acer saccharum. Ecology 67:980–990. King, D.A. 1996. Allometry and life history of tropical trees. Journal of Tropical Ecology 12:25–44. Koehler, L., and F.W. Telewski. 2006. Biomechanics and transgenic wood. American Journal of Botany 93:1433–1438. Kozlowski, T.T., and S.G. Pallardy. 1997. Physiology of wood plants. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, CA. La Barbera, P., and R. Rosso. 1989. On the fractal dimension of stream networks. Water Resources Research 25:735–741.
November 2009
| Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
| Empty |
Ai generated response may be inaccurate.
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success.
Downloading PDF
Generating your PDF, please wait...
This process might take longer please wait
