Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(3): May 2011 with European and North American cities can be noted. Else- where in Asia, the legislative base for urban greening shows large variation. While some countries have a strong legal ba- sis for urban greening (e.g., in terms of tree protection orders), others hardly have any legislation in place (Palijon 2004). Malaysia seems to be among the better examples here. An in- teresting aspect in some Malaysian cities is the 10% greening rule for new developments; it is a type of arrangement that has also been explored and implemented in Singapore (Hin et al. 1997), Europe, and North America (Beatley 2004). However, greenspace ordinances and tree ordinances are still scarce in Malaysia, and their development and approval takes very long. In terms of the urban greenspace discourse, urban greenspace planning and management have gained prominence in peninsu- lar Malaysia, a picture which emerges both from an analysis of national-level policies and from case studies in Klang Valley. However, in spite of an emerging policy and planning frame- work, there is still a lack of comprehensive greenspace policy at the municipal level. This, together with a lack of planning and management expertise and concerns, such as lack of funding and high pressure on urban land, has led to municipal agencies facing difficulties in maintaining and developing a sustainable, multifunctional urban green structure. There is also evidence that these municipal agencies have difficulties in interpreting and implementing existing (national) greenspace policies, something which indicated that the “rules of the game” are not always clear. The respective roles of different (public) actors are not al- ways clear either, and policies at the federal and local levels do not always match. Although municipal authorities take a lead- ing role in greenspace planning and management in Malaysia as in e.g. Europe (Konijnendijk 2003), the Klang Valley case studies show that there is quite a range of municipal depart- City Municipal organization Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) Putrajaya Perbadanan Putrajaya (Ppj) Petaling Jaya Petaling Jaya City Council (MBPJ) Subang Jaya Subang Jaya Municipal Council (MPSJ) Shah Alam Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) Klang Klang Municipal Council (MPK) Main management service Park and Control Planning Department Planning Department Architect Department Engineering Department Landscape and Park Department Town Planning Department Landscaping Department Environment and Health Department Engineering Department Landscape and Town Service Department Park and Recreation Department Planning Department Building Department Engineering Department Park and Recreation Department 105 ments/units involved, from a specific Parks Department to En- gineering, Building and Architecture departments. Moreover, greenspace departments are often hidden in a larger unit with broader interests, as in the case of Europe, where greenspace responsibilities frequently are placed in a unit under a public works or engineering department (Randrup and Persson 2009). In terms of political modernisation, a shift seems to be oc- curring from public to private actors. Although public actors at both federal and local level still steer policy and management, private actors such as businesses and NGOs have gained more prominence in greenspace governance. Increase in private- sector involvement through sponsoring of greenspaces in Asia is also mentioned by Palijon (2004) and Webb (1999). Here, Asia seems to follow a worldwide trend of increased private funding of greenspace (e.g., The 21st Century Park… 2009). The increasing role of NGOs in greenspace planning and man- agement in Malaysia also confirms studies from Europe (Ot- titsch et al. 2005) and other parts of Asia (Hin et al. 1997). In the light of this political modernization and change in gov- ernance, there seems to be room for improving the interaction and understanding between public agencies at municipal, region- al, and state level, as well as other stakeholders. Kleinschmit et al. (2009) have recently described a trend towards more inclusive forms of governance in forest and natural resource management. Specifically for urban greenspaces, the importance of partnership and collaboration has been stressed in cities such as Hong Kong (Jim 1993) and Singapore (Hin et al. 1997). New partnerships be- tween private and public institutions, based on good existing ex- amples, can be used to improve the planning and management of greenspaces, enhance stakeholder support, and improve funding. Regarding the challenges facing greenspace planning and management in Malaysia, lack of funding for greenspace devel- Table 4. Information about relevant green space policies and leading management actors in the six case study cities, Klang Valley, peninsular Malaysia. National Policy The Federal Territory (Planning) Act 1982 (Act 267) Town and Country Planning Act 1976 Local Government Act 1976 Town and Country Planning Act 1976 Local Government Act 1976 Town and Country Planning Act 1976 Local Government Act 1976 Town and Country Planning Act 1976 Local Government Act 1976 Town and Country Planning Act 1976 Local Government Act 1976 Shah Alam City Council By Laws 2005 Klang Municipal Council By Laws 2005 Klang Municipal Council By Laws 1993 (Vandalism) ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture Green policy on city level Policy on Green areas for the Federal Territories(final reviewing and hearing) Putrajaya Structure Plan 1995 (Act 8) – Policy and Green Area Act Petaling Jaya City Council By Laws 2005 Subang Jaya City Council By Laws 2005
May 2011
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