Table of Contents Yaoqi Zhang and Bin Zheng Assessments of Citizen Willingness to Support Urban Forestry: An Empirical Study in Alabama .....................................................................................................................................118 Abstract. Using a survey conducted in Alabama, U.S., this study investigates the attitudes of urban residents toward urban trees and how they would like to support urban tree programs. An ordered logistic model and ordinary least square regression were applied in the analyses. It is found, in general, that people prefer to have trees on their property and in their community for all gender, age, race, income, and other family background, but individuals with higher education had a tendency to like more trees. The most desirable amenity of trees is the improved appearance. The potential risks and hazards would discourage them from having trees in their communities. It is found that each person’s voluntary willingness to donate is significantly less than the amount that he or she feels everyone should contribute to support the programs (e.g., taxation). The awareness of the presence of a tree agency and service can significantly increase the amount of donation a person is willing to make. While private donation is widely agreed upon as an important source of support, using alcohol and tobacco taxes as funding for financing urban tree programs receives more support than the idea of using corporate income tax and property tax. The results indicate that the citizen willingness to support urban forestry are affected by various factors, therefore, a holistic approach is needed to promote city tree programs. Key Words. Green Infrastructure; Ordered Logistic Model; Public Participation; Taxation; Willingness to Pay. W.R. Jacobi, B.A. Goodrich, and C.M. Cleaver Firewood Transport by National and State Park Campers: A Risk for Native or Exotic Tree Pest Movement ............................................................................................................................. 126 Abstract. Untreated firewood has the potential to harbor insects or pathogens lethal to trees in urban and natural forest ecosystems. Camp- ers at 15 campgrounds in seven Colorado, U.S., State Parks and 30 campgrounds in 13 National Parks in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming were surveyed in 2007-09 to determine camper home states, firewood presence, firewood state origins and risks of firewood harboring pests. Sixty-six percent of Colorado State Park campers had firewood but only 4% had firewood brought from out-of-state ori- gins. Sixty percent of National Park campers had firewood and 39% had firewood from out of state, equating to 329,919 campers poten- tially bringing out-of-state firewood in one year to surveyed parks. Forty-one percent of out-of-state firewood was brought by campers from nonneighboring states, indicating long distance transport of firewood occurs. Of all firewood present in National Parks, 32% was purchased inside the park, 25% was purchased outside the park and 17% was from camper residences. Fiſty-three percent of firewood had evidence of previous insect presence and 39% had fungal infestation. Camper movement of untreated firewood has the potential to be a high risk pathway for distribution of live tree pests throughout North America, and educational and mitigation actions should be implemented. Key Words. Campgrounds; Exotic Pests; Firewood; Invasive Pests; National Parks; Pathway Risk Analysis; State Parks; Unprocessed Wood; Urban Pests. Brian Kane Withdrawal Resistance of J-Lags from Three Hardwood Species ................................................. 139 Abstract. Cables are commonly installed to reduce the risk of failure of branches or co-dominants, but there are few empirical data to describe their performance. In contrast, the withdrawal resistance of lag screws in timber connections has been studied more carefully and is related to the shank diameter and threaded length of the lag, as well as the specific gravity of the wood. J-lags of three diameters were installed in three species and withdrawal resistance was measured immediately and up to four years aſter installation. Since only three fully installed J-lags were withdrawn, J-lags were also partially installed in two species. Growth of trees around the “J” of J-lags increased their withdrawal resistance, and the withdrawal resistance of partially installed lags generally followed prediction equations developed for lag screws used in timber connections. Withdrawal resistance of J-lags did not exceed cable Key Words. Cabling; Decay; J-lag; Tree Support Systems; Withdrawal Resistance. tensions previously measured and simulated. ©2011 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
May 2011
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