136 Jacobi et al: Firewood Transport by National and State Park Campers were campers from nonwestern states (Table 3), indicating that parks will have to aggressively educate visitors to not travel with firewood and advertise when firewood is available on-site. Some states, including Nevada and Utah, had much higher out-of-state firewood importation compared to other states, and parks in these states should specifically target more educational messages to potential visitors. Many of the 12% of campers who lived in the park state but had firewood from an out-of-state origin had been traveling throughout the western United States from park to park on common and popular vacation routes. National Parks should also aim educational efforts to residents to not move firewood back to their home state after traveling to parks in other states. Because State Park, National Park, the Bureau of Land Man- agement, the USDA Forest Service, and other local and federal lands in the west are known as popular locations for hiking, camp- ing, horseback riding, rafting, boating, and fishing, an overly ge- neric and unifying message regarding invasive species should be adopted to avoid sending the public conflicting or confusing infor- mation. The NFTF also recommends that agencies should agree on a core message for consistency when educating people on the risks of moving firewood, such as “Don’t Move Firewood” (NPB 2010). The study authors recommend that federal, state, and local agencies develop an educational message, such as “Don’t Move Exotic Organisms,” which combines the concerns for exotic for- est pests, plants (such as the certified weed-free feed program), and animals [such as the boater inspection regulations to protect waters from exotic aquatic organisms such as the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)] (Colorado Dept. of Wildlife 2010). CONCLUSIONS The movement of untreated firewood occurs over short and long distances and has the potential to be a high-risk pathway for the transport of live tree pests. The cost of exotic invasions in ur- ban and natural forests has proven to be economically and eco- logically depleting. The following recommendations, if adopted, will help prevent the movement of destructive pests by reduc- ing the risk of pest movement on firewood and related products: • Include firewood as a risk pathway in all federal, state, and local exotic species education efforts. • Parks and campgrounds should ban all firewood that is not treated or produced locally. • Parks and campgrounds should promote local wood sales to incoming visitors prior to their arrival. • Parks and campgrounds should provide locally cut or heat- treat, dry firewood for free or at average market cost. • States should ban or closely regulate the movement of un- treated firewood across state borders. • Arborists should ensure that the firewood, mulch, wood chips, and other unprocessed wood they produce is free of native or exotic pests. Acknowledgments. Funding for National Park surveys was provided by USDA-APHIS-PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST). State Park surveys were funded by Colorado Cooperative Agri- cultural Pest Survey (CAPS). We appreciate all the permit assistance from Colorado State Parks and National Park Service staff members, Megan McBride with the Social Science Program of the NPS, and Phyllis Pineda Bovin from Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve for collecting and providing visitor data. We appreciate the hard work of Jim Morrow and Nathan McBride in helping conduct surveys. We recognize the advice and expertise of Jim zumBrunnen (Franklin A. Graybill Statistical Laboratory, Colorado State University) in experimental design and statistical analyses. Special thanks to Dr. Judith E. Pasek (USDA-APHIS), Les Koch (Wyo- ming State Forestry Division), Janet G. Hardin (CSU) and Lisa Perino (USDA-APHIS) for thorough and helpful reviews of an earlier version of this manuscript. The authors also thank Dr. Alan J. Sawyer and Vic Mas- tro (both USDA-APHIS-PPQ CPHST), the journal editor and two anony- mous individuals for their review and helpful suggestions of the submitted manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Allen, E.A., and L.M. Humble. 2002. Nonindigenous species introduc- tions: a threat to Canada’s forests and forest economy. Canadian Jour- nal of Plant Pathology 24:103–110. Beck, K.G., K. Zimmerman, J.D. Schardt, J. Stone, R.R. Lukens, S. Reichard, J. Randall, A.A. Cangelosi, D. Cooper, and J.P. Thompson. 2008. Invasive species defined in a policy context: recommendations from the Federal Invasive Species Advisory Committee. Invasive Plant Science and Management 1:414–421. BenDor, T.K., S.S. Metcalf, L.E. Fontenot, B. Sangunett, and B. Han- non. 2006. Modeling the spread of the emerald ash borer. Ecological Modeling 197:221–236. Craighead, F.C. 1923. North American cerambycid larvae; a classifica- tion and biology of the North American cerambycid larvae. Canadian Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 27. Crocker, S.J., G.J. Brand, and D.C. Little. 2007. Illinois’ Forest Resources, 2005. Resource Bulletin NRS-13. Newton Square, PA: U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 36 pp. Colorado Department of Wildlife. 2010. Wildlife Species, Invasive Spe- cies, Zebra and Quagga Mussels. Cushman, J.H., and R.K. Meentemeyer. 2008. Multi-scale patterns of hu- man activity and the incidence of an exotic forest pathogen. Journal of Ecology 96:766–776. Desprez-Loustau, M.-L., C. Robin, M. Buée, R. Courtecuisse, J. Garbaye, F. Suffert, I. Sache, and D.M. Rizzo. 2007. The fungal dimension of biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22:472–480. Dunbar, D.M., and G.R. Stephens. 1974. Twolined chestnut borer: Effects of storage conditions, processing, and insecticides on its sur- vival in oak logs. Journal of Economic Entomology 67:427–429. Haack, R.A., E. Jendek, H. Liu, K.R. Marchant, T.R. Petrice, T.M. Poland, and H. Ye. 2002. The emerald ash borer: A new exotic pest in North America. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society, September 2002. 47(3&4):1–4. Haack, R.A. 2006. Exotic bark- and wood-boring Coleoptera in the Unit- ed States: recent establishments and interceptions. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 36:269–288. ©2011 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2011
| Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
| Empty |
Ai generated response may be inaccurate.
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success.
Downloading PDF
Generating your PDF, please wait...
This process might take longer please wait
