Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(4): July 2009 Acknowledgments. The authors are indebted to the members of the Na- tional Working Group on Deep Structural Roots for their dedication to and enthusiasm for moving science and collaboration forward to improve our understanding of deep roots. This effort was supported in part by the USDA Forest Service Urban and Community Forestry Grants Program un- der advisement of the National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council. LITERATURE CITED Airhart, D. 2005. Nursery tree depth projects. p. 10 In: Getting the Roots Right. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL. ANSI Z60.1 American Standard for Nursery Stock. 2004. American Nursery and Landscape Association. Arnold, M.A., G.V. McDonald, and D.L. Bryan. 2005. Planting depth and mulch thickness affect establishment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and bougainvillea goldenraintree (Koelreuteria bipin- nata). Journal of Arboriculture 31(4):163–170. Arnold, M.A., G.V. McDonald, D.L. Bryan, G.C. 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Day, S.D., and J.R. Harris. 2008. Growth, survival, and root system morphology of deeply planted Corylus colurna seven years after transplanting and the effects of root collar excavation. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 7(2):119–128. Day, S.D., J.R. Harris, and R.J. Stipes. 2005. Buried trunks: How deep planting affects trunk tissue, adventitious rooting, and tree growth. pp. 45-48 In: Getting the Roots Right. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL. Day, S.D., J.R. Seiler, R. Kreh, and D.W. Smith. 2001. Overlaying compacted or uncompacted construction fill has no negative impact on white oak and sweetgum growth and physiology. Canadian Jour- nal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 31(1):100–109. Dreesen, D. R. and G. A. Fenchel. 2008. Deep-planting methods that require minimal or no irrigation to establish riparian trees and shrubs in the Southwest. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (Ankeny) 63(4):129A–133A. Drilias, M.J., J.E. Kuntz, and G.L. Worf. 1982. Collar rot and basal canker of sugar maple. Journal of Arboriculture 8(2):29–33. Eshel, A., and Y. Waisel. 1996. Multiform and multifunction of various constitutents of one root system. p. 1002 In: Plant Roots: The Hidden Half. Y. Waisel, A. Eshel, and U. Kafkafi, Eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY. Fare, D. 2005. Should potting depth be a concern with container-grown trees? pp. 25–28 In: Getting the Roots Right. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL. 189 Filion, L., and P. Marin. 1988. Modifications morphologiques de l’Épinette blanche soumise à la sédimentation éolienne en milieu dunaire, Québec subarctique. Canadian Journal of Botany 66:1862–1869. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 1998. Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Stock. Gainesville, FL. Giblin, C., J. Gillman, D. Hanson, G.R. Johnson, and P. Weicherding. 2005. The effects of soil depth on the long-term health and frequency of storm damage to trees in the Upper Midwest. pp. 33–39 In: Trees and Planting: Getting the Roots Right. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL. Gilman, E.F., and J. Grabosky. 2004. Mulch and planting depth affect live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) establishment. Journal of Arbori- culture 30(5):311–317. Gilman, E.F., and C. Harchick. 2008. Planting depth in containers affects root form and tree quality. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26(3):129–134. Harms, W.R. 1969. Deep planting of slash pine in the Carolina sandhills. Journal of Forestry 67:160–160. Harris, J.R. 2007. Transplanting large trees. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2(024). Harris, J.R., J. Fanelli, A. Niemiera, and R. Wright. 2001. Root pruning pin oak liners affects growth and root morphology. HortTechnology 11(1):49–52. Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 2004. p. 269 In: Arboricul- ture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. 4th Ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. Hartmann, H.T., D.E. Kester, F.T. Davies, Jr., and R.L. Geneve. 2002. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. 7th Ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p. 284. Hewitt, A. and G. Watson. 2009. Bare root liner production can alter tree root architecture. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27:99–104. Hudler, G.W., and M.A. Beale. 1981. Anatomical features of girdling root injury. Journal of Arboriculture 7(2):29–32. Jackson, R.B., L.A. Moore, W.A. Hoffmann, W.T. Pockman, and C.R. Linder. 1999. Ecosystem rooting depth determined with caves and DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 96:11387–11392. Jacobs, K. 2005. The potential of mulch to transmit three tree pathogens. Journal of Arboriculture 31(5):235–242. Koshi, P.T. 1960. Deep planting has little effect in a wet year. Tree Planters’ Notes 11:7. Lyons, C.G., R.E. Byers, and K.S. Yoder. 1987. Influence of planting depth on growth of young apple trees. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5(4):163–164. Lyons, C.G., Jr., R.E. Byers, and K.S. Yoder. 1983. Influence of planting depth on growth and anchorage of young ‘Delicious’ apple trees. HortScience 18(6):923–924. Lyons, C.G., Jr. and K.S. Yoder. 1981. Poor anchorage of deeply planted peach trees. HortScience 16(1):48–49. Lyons, C.G., Jr., K.S. Yoder, and R.E. Byers. 1982. Growth of mechanically planted nectarines planted at various depths. HortScience 17(6):968– 969. Macadam, A. and L. Bedford. 1998. Mounding in the sub-boreal spruce zone of west-central British Columbia: 8-year results. Forestry Chronicle 74(3):421–427. Maynard, B.K. 1995. A problem of great depth...some nursery pro- duction practices may be leading to trees being planted too deeply. Yankee Nursery Quarterly 5(2):1–4. McGee, C.E., and J.B. Hatcher. 1963. Deep-planting small slash pine on old field sites in the Carolina sandhills. Journal of Forestry 61(5):382–383. ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
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