ARBORICULTURE ARBORICULTU & CONTENTS (11 to 64 cm hr-1 paction, indicate reduced potential URBAN FORESTRY Volume 39, Issue 6, November 2013 Formerly the Journal of Arboriculture, 1975 – 2005 (Volumes 1 – 31) ® www.isa-arbor.com Brian J. Pearson, Richard C. Beeson, Jr., Carrie Reinhart-Adams, Michael Olexa, and Amy Shober Determining Variability in Characteristics of Residential Landscape Soils that Influences Infiltration Rates .......................................................................................................................249 dominated by micropores (58% total mean pore space). Variability of Db was low with most communities exhibiting high soil compac- tion (>1.7 g cm-3 ), which may indicate potential plant root penetration concerns. Mean soil infiltration rates among communities were high ), with large variations (2.0 to 111.1 cm hr-1 did not occur. However, soil texture was a significant predictor of infiltration rate. Relationships between infiltration rates and soil char- acteristics were poor (r2 ). Correlations between soil moisture retention volumes, Db Key Words. Bulk Density; Compaction; Florida; Residential; Sandy Soil; Soil Moisture; Storm Water; Urban Soil. M.A. Rahman, P. Stringer, and A.R. Ennos Effect of Pit Design and Soil Composition on Performance of Pyrus calleryana Street Trees in the Establishment Period .......................................................................................................256 Abstract. Evapotranspirational cooling from urban trees is an effective way of reducing the urban heat island. However, the appropriate planting design to maximize the cooling benefit of street trees has not been widely examined. The current study investigated the growth and physiology of a commonly planted urban tree, Pyrus calleryana, in Manchester, UK. Trees were planted in April 2010 using three standard planting techniques: in a small open pit, and in small or large closed pits with non-compacted load-bearing soils and sealed with permeable paving slabs. The growth rate, leaf area index, and stomatal conductance were monitored over the next three growing seasons, together with chlorophyll analysis and fluorescence and leaf water potential, allowing researchers to determine tree health, water status, and evapotranspirational cooling. Trees in the open pits grew twice as fast as those in small covered pits and 1.5 times as fast as trees in large covered pits. Having significantly higher canopy density, canopy spread, and stomatal conductivity, the trees in the open pits provided up to 1 kW of cooling, compared to around 350 and 650 W by the small and large covered pits, respectively. Phenological observations, chlorophyll fluorescence, total chlorophyll, and foliar nutrient content confirmed that the trees in open pits were healthier. However, the leaf water potential of trees in the covered pits was less negative, showing that they were not suffering from water stress. Instead, limited aeration probably affected their root respiration and nutrient uptake, impairing their growth and physiological performance. Key Words. Evapotranspiration; Manchester; Planting Design; Planting Pit; Pyrus calleryana; Root Aeration; Soil; United Kingdom; Urban Heat Island. Jana Dilley and Kathleen L. Wolf Homeowner Interactions with Residential Trees in Urban Areas .................................................267 Abstract. Urban forests are a critical element in sustainable urban areas because of the many environmental, economic, and social benefits that city trees provide. In order to increase canopy cover in urban areas, residential homeowners, who collectively own the majority of the land in most cities, need to engage in planting and retaining trees on their properties. This collaborative research project surveyed homeowners in Seattle, Washington, U.S., to examine their behaviors and attitudes toward the trees on their property. Attitudes toward trees were mapped to examine geographic distribution, as Seattle has a legacy of neighborhood-based planning. Results show that homeowners planted trees during non-optimal times of the year, preferred trees that are small at maturity over trees that are large at maturity, and showed increased interest in fruit trees. Home- owners intend to plant fewer trees in the future than they have in the past. This research is a model for social science efforts that can be used to develop targeted public outreach programs at the neighborhood scale to increase the planting and retention of trees on residential property. Key Words. Benefits; Canopy Cover; Fruit Trees; Homeowner; Human Dimensions; Neighborhood Planning; Private Property; Residential Trees; Seattle; Social Science; Tree Planting; Washington. ©2013 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297 = 0.43) and suggest direct measurement of infiltration rate may be necessary. High infiltration rates, despite com- for surface water contamination if a sufficient natural fetch separates landscapes from water bodies. , and infiltration rate Abstract. Although composed mostly of sand, observations of new urban residential communities in Florida suggested relatively wide ranges in clay content and importation of offsite soils. Oſten these communities are constructed around surface water where heavy summer rains and intense landscape maintenance present concerns for surface water contamination. Due to land sculpturing, soil compaction and importa- tion; onsite soil physical properties may differ from soil maps developed decades before. How much change and what changes occurred has seldom been quantified. This study examined soil characteristic data from diverse, newly constructed urban soils and examined relationships with soil infiltration rates. Samples were collected from 40 lots in nine newly established urban residential communities within Central Flor- ida to quantify textural composition, bulk density (Db ® ), moisture retention, and pore size distribution. Most lots (90%) contained sandy soil
November 2013
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