284 Berrang, P., D. Karnosky, and B. Stanton. 1985. Environmental factors affecting tree health in New York City. Journal of Arboriculture 11:185–189. Breshears, D.D., N.S. Cobb, P.M. Rich, K.P. Price, C.D. Allen, R.G. Balice, W.H. Romme, J.H. Kastens, M.L. Floyd, and J. Belnap. 2005. Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:15144. Breshears, D.D., O.B. Myers, C.W. Meyer, F.J. Barnes, C.B. Zou, C.D. Allen, N.G. McDowell, and W.T. Pockman. 2008. Tree die-off in response to global change-type drought: Mortality insights from a decade of plant water potential measurements. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:185–189. Cadenasso, M.L., S.T.A. Pickett, and K. Schwarz. 2007. Spatial hetero- geneity in urban ecosystems: Reconceptualizing land cover and a framework for classification. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environ- ment 5:80–88. Caspersen, J.P., and R.K. Kobe. 2001. Interspecific variation in sapling mortality in relation to growth and soil moisture. Oikos 92:160–168. Clark, J., and R. Kjelgren. 1990. Water as a limiting factor in the develop- ment of urban trees. Journal of Arboriculture 16:203–208. Cregg, B.M., and M.E. Dix. 2001. Tree moisture stress and insect damage in urban areas in relation to heat island effects. Journal of Arboricul- ture 27:8–17. D’Amato, A.W., J. Bradford, S. Fraver, and B.J. Palik. 2011. Looking back to inform the future: The effects of thinning and stand complexity on drought tolerance within Pinus resinosa systems. Eighth North American Forest Ecology Workshop: Forest Ecology in a Managed Landscape. Roanoke, Virginia, U.S. Gilman, E.F., and D.G. Watson. 1993. Gymnocladus dioicus - Kentucky Coffeetree. Fact Sheet ST-287. Environmental Horticulture Depart- ment, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Horsley, S.B., R.P. Long, S.W. Bailey, R.A. Hallett, and P.M. Wargo. 2002. Health of eastern North American sugar maple forests and fac- tors affecting decline. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19:34–44. Iakovoglou, V., J. Thompson, and L. Burras. 2002. Characteristics of trees according to community population level and by land use in the US Midwest. Journal of Arboriculture 28:59–69. Iakovoglou, V., J. Thompson, L. Burras, and R. Kipper. 2001. Factors related to tree growth across urban-rural gradients in the Midwest, USA. Urban Ecosystems 5:71–85. Kjelgren, R.K., and J.R. Clark. 1992. Microclimates and tree growth in three urban spaces. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 10:139–145. Kunkel, K.E., J.R. Angel, S.A. Changnon, R. Claybrooke, S.D. Hilberg, H.V. Knapp, R.S. Larson, M. Palecki, R.W. Scott, and D. Winstanley. 2006. The 2005 Illinois Drought. Illinois State Water Survey, Cham- paign, IL. Lindsey, P., and N. Bassuk. 1992. Redesigning the Urban Forest from the ground below. A new approach to specifying adequate soil volumes for street trees. Arboricultural Journal 16:25–39. McDowell, N., W.T. Pockman, C.D. Allen, D.D. Breshears, N. Cobb, T. Kolb, J. Plaut, J. Sperry, A. West, and D.G. Williams. 2008. Mecha- nisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: Why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytologist 178:719–739. Fahey et al.: Tree Growth and Resilience to Extreme Drought McPherson, E.G., D. Nowak, G. Heisler, S. Grimmond, C. Souch, R. Grant, and R. Rowntree. 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: The Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Urban Ecosystems 1:49–61. Meehl, G.A., T.F. Stocker, W.D. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A.T. Gaye, J. Gregory, A. Kitoh, R. Knutti, J. Murphy, and A. Noda. 2007. Global climate projections. Climate Change:747–845. Mueller, R.C., C.M. Scudder, M.E. Porter, R. Talbot Trotter III, C.A. Gehring, and T.G. Whitham. 2005. Differential tree mortality in response to severe drought: Evidence for long-term vegetation shifts. Journal of Ecology 93:1085–1093. Muir, P., and B. McCune. 1988. Lichens, tree growth, and foliar symp- toms of air pollution: Are the stories consistent? Journal of Environ- mental Quality 17:361–370. Nowak, D.J., and D.E. Crane. 2002. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution 116:381–389. Nowak, D.J., M. Kuroda, and D.E. Crane. 2004. Tree mortality rates and tree population projections in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2:139–147. Orwig, D.A., and M.D. Abrams. 1997. Variation in radial growth responses to drought among species, site, and canopy strata. Trees- Structure and Function 11:474–484. Pan, E., and N. Bassuk. 1985. Effects of Soil Type and Compaction on the Growth of Ailanthus altissima seedlings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 3:158–162. Poorter, L., and L. Markesteijn. 2008. Seedling traits determine drought tolerance of tropical tree species. Biotropica 40:321–331. SAS-Institute-Inc. 2005. SAS v. 9.2. SAS Institute Inc., Durham, North Carolina, U.S. Voortech. 2005. Measure J2X, Holderness, New Hampshire, U.S. Whitlow, T.H., and N.L. Bassuk. 1987. Trees in Difficult Sites. Journal of Arboriculture 13:10–17. Woodall, C., D. Nowak, G. Liknes, and J. Westfall. 2010. Assessing the potential for urban trees to facilitate forest tree migration in the east- ern United States. Forest Ecology and Management 259:1447–1454. Robert T. Fahey (corresponding author) The Morton Arboretum 4100 Illinois Route 53 Lisle, Illinois 60532, U.S.
[email protected] Margaret B. Bialecki The Morton Arboretum 4100 Illinois Route 53 Lisle, Illinois 60532, U.S. David R. Carter The Morton Arboretum 4100 Illinois Route 53 Lisle, Illinois 60532, U.S. ©2013 International Society of Arboriculture
