Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(5): September 2009 differences were species dependent. Soil moisture did not appear to be a limiting factor under brick-on-sand pavers, but substantial fluctuations in soil temperatures with the use of brick-on-sand pavers were observed, and the direction and magnitude of these effects were seasonally dependent. More information on the sea- sonal nature of temperature effects of inorganic surface covers, expanded information on species responses, and elucidation of soil surface cover effects on other parameters such as soil oxygen levels are needed to identify suitable combinations of species and soil surface covers for urban environments in different climates. LITERATURE CITED Arnold, M.A. 2008. Landscape Plants for Texas and Environs, Third Edi- tion. Stipes Publishing L.L.C., Champaign, IL. p. 1334. Arnold, M.A., and G.V. McDonald. 2008. Surface area and method of weed control surrounding green ash trunks affects landscape estab- lishment. Proc. Southern Nursery Assoc. Res. Conf. 53:391–393. Arnold, M.A., G.V. McDonald, and D.L. Bryan. 2005. Planting depth and mulch thickness affect establishment of green ash and bougain- villea goldenraintree. Journal of Arboriculture 31:163-170. Arnold, M.A., G.V. McDonald, D.L. Bryan, G.C. Denny, W. T. Watson, and L. Lombardini. 2007. Below grade planting adversely affects sur- vival and growth of tree species from five different families. Arbori- culture & Urban Forestry 33:64–69. Ashworth, S. and H. Harrison. 1983. Evaluation of mulches for use in the home garden. HortScience 18:180–182. Carlson, C.R. 2002. Mulch, part two: go wide, not deep. Arborist News 11(1):35–40. Chan, K.Y. 2006. Bulk density. pp. 191-193. In: R. Lal (Ed). Encylope- dia of Soil Science: Second Edition. Taylor & Francis Group Publ., London, England. Craul, P.J. 1992. Urban Soil in Landscape Design. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. p. 396. Downer, J., and D. Hodel. 2001. The effects of mulching on establish- ment of Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Becc., Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl., and Archontopheonix cunninghamiana (H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. & Drude in the landscape. Scientia Horticulturae 87:85–92. Duble, R.L. 1996. Turfgrasses: Their Management and Use in the South- ern Zone, Second Edition Texas A&M Univ. Press, College Station, TX. p. 323. Duryea, M.L., R.J. English, and L.A. Hermansen. 1999. A comparison of landscape mulches: chemical, allelopathic, and decomposition prop- erties. Journal of Arboriculture 25:88–96. Figure 5. Autumn temperatures in the root zone under Taxodium distichum grown with soil or pale blond tan (light), red-brown (me- dium), or dark charcoal (dark) brick-on-sand paving surfaces. The first three days were overcast and cloudy, whereas the remaining days were dominated by cloudless skies and still nights. Trees had largely defoliated by this time allowing exposure to full sun at the soil surface. Mean high and low atmospheric temperatures for the period were 20.7°C (69.2°F) and 7.2°C (45°F), respectively. Foth, H.D. 1990. Fundamentals of Soil Science, Eight Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. p. 384. Fraedrich, S.W., and D.L. Ham. 1982. Wood chip mulching around maples: effects on tree growth and soil characteristics. Journal of Arboriculture 3:85–89. Gilman, E.F. 1997. Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes. Delmar Publishers. Albany, NY. p. 662. Green, T.L., and G.W. Watson. 1989. Effects of turfgrass and mulch on establishment and growth of bare-root sugar maples. Journal of Arboriculture 15:268–272. Acknowledgments. This project was funded in part by Texas AgriLife Re- search (formerly the Texas Agricultur- al Experiment Station) and grants from the International Society of Arbori- culture’s Research Trust (now TREE Fund), and the Texas Ornamental En- hancement Endowment. Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the authors, Texas A&M University, or Texas AgriLife Research, and does not imply its approval to the exclu- sion of other products or vendors that also may be suitable. Hartz, T.K., and C. Giannini. 1998. Duration of composting of yard wastes affects both physical and chemical characteristics of compost and plant growth. HortScience 33:1192–1196. Kjelgren, R., and T. Montague. 1998. Urban tree transpiration over turf and asphalt surfaces. Atmospheric Environment 32:35–41. Kraus, H.T. 1998. Effects of mulch on soil moisture and growth of desert willow. HortTechnology 8:588–590. Litzow, M., and H. Pellett. 1983. Influence of mulch materials on the growth of green ash. Journal of Arboriculture 9:7–11. McLeod, K.W., L.A. Donovan, N.J. Stumpff, and K.C. Sherrod. 1986. Biomass, photosynthesis and water use efficiency of woody swamp species subjected to flooding and elevated water temperatures. Tree Physiology 2:341–346. Montague, T., and R. Kjelgren. 2004. Energy balance of six common landscape surfaces and the influence of surface properties on gas exchange of four containerized tree species. Scientia Horticulturae 100:229–249. 239 ©2009 International Society of Arboriculture
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